Public Law
Zohreh Naeimifard; Mahdi Hadavand
Abstract
In administrative law, the "rule against bias" is one of the branches of the principles of "procedural fairness" and complements the theory of "good governance". Personal, cognitive, organizational-institutional biases, previous involvement, preconceived opinions, predispositions ...
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In administrative law, the "rule against bias" is one of the branches of the principles of "procedural fairness" and complements the theory of "good governance". Personal, cognitive, organizational-institutional biases, previous involvement, preconceived opinions, predispositions or prejudgments are the most important aspects of partiality. They can influence decision-making processes. Despite the importance of the aforementioned rule, less has been addressed to its foundations and aspects in administrative law, and most of the topics discussed are focused on judicial impartiality. Considering the position of foreign law in the field of administrative law, this article, using the analytical-descriptive method, examines the nature, elements and application of the rule against bias in English administrative law. It seems the current approach of the English legal system to the rule against bias is complex and scattered, applied with different standards. Also, the violation of the rule against bias results in a lack of competence of the administrative authority, with varying degrees of effect ranging from "void" to "voidable" of the decision. Although there are some serious concerns about the inflexibility of the rule against bias, especially in technical and specialized administrative matters, it is necessary to strike a balance between competing concerns.
Abstract
The origin of intention of public administration is the power which has been vested to the administration by law; therefore conformity of administration’s intention with law is the condition precedent of making legal effects resulted from administrative act. However, sometimes the administrative ...
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The origin of intention of public administration is the power which has been vested to the administration by law; therefore conformity of administration’s intention with law is the condition precedent of making legal effects resulted from administrative act. However, sometimes the administrative act has been established but it lacks a number of legal conditions which has been named as the so called “defective administrative act” which in turn needs to be dealt with by developing proper theories. In this article, the concept and nature of administrative act will be reviewed briefly and the necessity of making distinction between conditions of administrative formation with essential conditions will be discussed, based on which the grounds of annulment will be distinguished from the grounds of invalidation, in one hand, and on the other hand administrative act will be categorized in three respects: valid administrative act, defective administrative act and annulled administrative act. Later, focusing on defective administrative act, and its variations, including annulment, revocation, withdrawal, and curing, curing of administrative act, as well as its nature and conditions, will be discussed.
