Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Qom university

Abstract

The event of transnational crimes entailed to the reviewing of tradition bases of jurisdiction like territorial and personal jurisdictions. So universal jurisdiction as a legal base for prosecute of international crimes came to internal laws of States. discard with the source and nature of universal jurisdiction, application of universal jurisdiction needs some conditions which can be induced from different sources of international law, like presence of the accused, legality of crime and punishment, dual criminality, awareness of law, Non Bis in Idem principle, et.
While there is no doubt in respecting to some of these conditions, there are some challenges to some of them like mutual criminality and necessity of a personal prosecutor. Universal jurisdiction is in conformity with the principle of access to justice and can help to international public order provided respecting to necessary conditions by national courts.
Key Words: universal jurisdiction, international criminal law, international law, international crimes, national tribunals.

Keywords

الف) فارسی
کتب و پایان‌نامه
-           حامد، سهیلا، (1384)، صلاحیت جهانی، چاپ اول، تهران: نشر جهاد دانشگاهی.
-           سلیمی، صادق، (1382)، جنایات سازمان‌یافته فراملی، تهران: نشر صدا.
 
مقالات
-           پرادل، ژرژ دولا، (1388)، «صلاحیت جهانی»، ترجمه سیدعلی هنجنی، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، سال پنجم، شماره 50.
-           حسینی اکبرنژاد، هاله، (1388)، «صلاحیت تکمیلی دیوان بین‌المللی کیفری: پویایی نظام های قضایی ملی در مقابله با بی‌کیفری»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 41.
-           خبیری، کابک و جدلی، صفی ناز، (1389)، «صلاحیت جهانی و کارایی آن در مبارزه و پیگیری جرایم بین‌المللی»، فصلنامه راهبرد، سال 19.
-           خبیری، کابک. جدلی، صفی ناز، (1389)، «صلاحیت جهانی و کارآیی آن در مبارزه و پیگیری جرایم بین المللی»، مجله راهبرد، شماره 55.
-           خداداد، زهرا، (1391)، صلاحیت جهانی و حاکمیت دولت‌ها درحقوق بین‌الملل، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشگاه قم.
-           رنجبریان، امیرحسین، (1381)، قانون 1993-1999 بلژیک، رأی 14 فوریه 2002 دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری، صلاحیت کیفری جهانی در بوته آزمون، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، شماره 58.
-           زمانی، سید قاسم، (1388)، «اصل صلاحیت جهانی در آینه دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی»، مجله پژوهش حقوق، شماره 26.
-           فروغی، فضل‌ الله، (1388)، «منشاء و ماهیت حقوقی اصل صلاحیت جهانی»، مجله مطالعات حقوقی دانشگاه شیراز، دوره اول، شماره 3.
-           قاسمی شوب، احمدعلی، (‌1383)، «نگاهی به جایگاه بیگانگان در حقوق بین‌الملل با تأکیدی بر اسناد بین‌المللی حقوق بشر»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 31.
-           محمدجواد، شریعت باقری، (1382)، «اعمال صلاحیت جهانی در رابطه با جرایم سنگین بشری»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 28.
 
ب) انگلیسی
Books
-            Bassiouni, M.Cherif, (1987), A Draft International Criminal Code and Draft Statute on International Criminal Tribunal, Martinus Nijhoff publishers.
 
-            Gallant, Kenneth S, (2008), The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law, Cambridge University Press.
 
-            Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, (2006), Customary International Humanitarian Law, Ref. Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press.
 
-            Hurwitz, Deena R, (2009), Universal Jurisdiction and the Dilemmas of International Criminal Justice: The Sabra and Shatila Case in Belgium, in Human Rights Advocacy Stories, Deena Hurwitz, Margaret L. Satterthwaite, Doug Ford, eds. Foundation Press.
 
-            International Law Association, (2000), Final Report on Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Rights Offences, Committee on International Human Rights Law and Practice, London Conference.
 
-            Nadya Sadat, Leila, (2006), Universal Jursidction, National Amnesties, and Truth Commissions: Reconciling the Irreconciable, in Stephen Macedo, Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts And the Prosecution of Serious, University of Pennsylvania Press.
 
-            Princeton University, (2001), The Princton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, Princeton University Press.
 
-            Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, (1995), Impunity And Human Rights In International Law and Practice, Oxford University Press.
 
-            Ryngaert, Cedrik, (2010), Complementarity in Universality Cases: Legal-Systemic and Legal Policy Considerations, in Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crimes, Morten Bergsmo.
 
-            Stessens, Guy, (2000), Money Laundering: A New International Law Enforcement Model, Cambridge University Press.
 
-            Stigen, Jo, (2010), The Relationship between the Principle of Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crime, in Complementarity and the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction for Core International Crimes, Morten Bergsmo.
 
-            Wallace, Rebecca M. M, (2005), Internationa law, Sweet & Maxwel.
 
-            Wise, Edward Martin. (1995). Aut Dedere Aut Judicare: The Duty to Extradite or Prosecute in International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
 
Articles
 
-            AgheniŃei, Mihaela and Boboc, Luciana. (2011). “Universal Jurisdiction And Concurrent Criminal Jurisdiction”, Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1.
 
-            Baker, Roozbeh (Rudy) B, (2009), “Universal Jurisdiction and the Case of Belgium: A Critical Assessment”, ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 16, No. 1.
 
-            Blakesley, Christopher L. and E. Stigall, Dan, (2007), “The Myopia of U.S. v. Martinelli: Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in The 21st Century”, George Washington International Law Review, Vol 39.
 
-            Boister, Neil, (2002), “The ICJ in the Belgian Arrest Warrant Case: Arresting the Development of International Criminal Law”, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, Volume 7, Issue 2.
 
-            Bottini, Gabriel, (2004), “Universal Jurisdiction After The Creation Of The International Criminal Court”, International Law and Politics, Vol. 36.
 
-            Bowett, D. W, (1983), “Jurisdiction: Changing Patterns of Authority Over Activities and Resources”, British Yearbook of International Law, No. 53.
 
-            Bruce, Broomhall, (2001), “Towards the Development of an Effective System of Universal Jurisdiction for Crimes Under International Law”, New England Law Review, Vol. 35:2/winter.
 
-            Colangelo, Anthony J, (2005), “The Legal Limits of Universal Jurisdiction”, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 47, No. 1.
 
-            Enache-Brown, Colleen. Fried, and Ari, (1998), “Universal Crime, Jurisdiction and Duty: The Obligation of Aut Dedere Aut Judicare in International Law”, Mcgill Law Journal/Revue De Droit De Mcgill, Vol. 43.
 
-            Finlay, Lorraine, (2009), “Does the International Criminal Court Protect Against Double Jeopardy: An Analysis of Article 20 of The Rome Statute”, University of California, Davis, Vol. 15, No. 2.
 
-            Hafen, Jonathan, (1992), “International Extradition: Issues Arising Under the Dual Criminality Requirement”, Brigham Young University Law Review, No. 191.
 
-            Joyner, Christopher C, (1996), “Arresting Impunity: The Case For Universal Jurisdiction In Bringing War Criminals To Accountability”, Law And Contemporary Problems, Vol. 59, No. 4.
 
-            Maison, Rafaelle, (1995), “Les Premiers cas d’Application des Dispositions P´enales des Conventions de Gen`eve par les Jurisdictions Internes [The First Instances of the Application of the Penal Provisions of the Geneva Conventions by Domestic Jurisdictions]”, Euorean Journal of International Law, No. 6.
 
-            Nagle, Luz E, (2011), “Terrorism and Universal Jurisdiction: Opening a Pandora’s Box?”, Georgia State University Law Review, Vol. 27, No. 2.
 
-            Philippe, Xavier, (2006), “The Principles of Universal Jurisdiction and Complementarity: How do the two Principles Intermesh?”, International Reviw of the Red Cross, Volume 88.
 
-            Rabinovitc, Ryan, (2004), “Universal Jurisdiction In Abstentia”, Fordham Internationallawjournal, Vol. 28, Issue 2.
 
-            Reydams, Luc, (2003), “The Legal Limits of Universal Jurisdiction: Belgium’s First Application of Universal Jurisdiction: The Butare Four Case”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, No. 1.
 
-            Reynaud N. Daniels, (2006), “Non Bis in Idem and the International Criminal Court”, Bepress Legal Series, Working Paper No. 1365.
 
-            Scharf, Michael P, (2001), “Application of Treaty-Based Universal Jurisdiction to Nationals of Non-Party States”, New England Law Review, Vol. 35, No. 2.
 
-            Vervaele, John A.E, (2005), “The Transnational ne bis in idem principle in the EU Mutual recognition and equivalent protection of human rights”, Utrecht Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 2.
 
-            Zappala, Salvatore, (2001), “Do Heads of State in Office Enjoy Immunity from Jurisdiction for International Crimes? The Ghaddafi Case Before the French Cour de Cassation”, European Journal of International Law, No. 12.
 
 
Websites
-            Agheni Ei, Mihaela and Fl Mânzeanu, Ion, (2011), Universal Jurisdiction And The Principle Of Ne Bis in Idem, 2011, availabe at http://cks.univnt.ro/ uploads/ cks_2011_articles/index.php? dir=01_law%2F&download= cks_2011_ law_art_015.pdf.
 
-            Amnesty International, Universal Jurisdiction: 14 Fundamental Principles on the Effective Exercise of UniversalJurisdiction, availbale at https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ document/?indexNumber= IOR53%2 F001%2F1999&language= en.
 
-            Amnesty International, Universal Jurisdiction: The Duty of States to Enact and Implement Legislation, at 1, IOR 53/017/2001 (Sept. 2001), available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/ library/info/IOR53/017/2001/en.
 
-            Redress Trust, (1999), Universal Jurisdiction In The European Union, 1999; available at www.redress.org/downloads/conferences/country%20studies.pdf‎