morteza rostami; Hasan Badini
Abstract
Pension funds for maintaining the balance of resources and expenditure invest in different ways; one of the most common practices is owning companies’ stocks. The tendency of many pension funds to this type of investment have led to the management of companies. Management of companies by pension ...
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Pension funds for maintaining the balance of resources and expenditure invest in different ways; one of the most common practices is owning companies’ stocks. The tendency of many pension funds to this type of investment have led to the management of companies. Management of companies by pension funds (in the sense of having a stock management) as an emerging issue in the legal literature of our country has faced different regulatory policies; some are limiting or prohibiting and others are prescribing. Even though the legislator's last determination was to ban the company management of Iran's pension funds, some have gone too far from their social goals by forming investment companies. This essay using a comparative approach and library analysis, after explaining the legal status of firms has tried to analyze the background and reasons for company management of pension funds including paying of government debt to funds, capital market restrictions in Iran and entrepreneurial profitability. The findings show that if pension funds want to pay more attention to the rights of their members, it is necessary to significantly reduce the company managing, establish balancing through acquisition of shares of investment companies and other investment practices.
ali azaddevin; Javad Kashani
Abstract
The right to social security is one of the most important human rights which has been accepted in human rights documents and constitutions of States and is of fundamental human rights. But the fact is that with the transition from the “defining and identifying the right to social security” ...
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The right to social security is one of the most important human rights which has been accepted in human rights documents and constitutions of States and is of fundamental human rights. But the fact is that with the transition from the “defining and identifying the right to social security” stage and placing in the “implementation of rights” stage, the governments are challenged in the implementation of this right which has led to the lack of enjoyment or little enjoyment of social security benefits and services. These challenges which have been created under the effect of many political, social and economic factors, have caused failure of the governments in implementing the social security rights for their citizens. The nature of this right requires that this right to be properly fulfilled for all human beings and its implementation is also ensured. Therefore, the need of studying and recognizing these challenges, necessitates that eliminating each of existing obstacle based on the weight of the international instruments requires domestic efforts as well as the international cooperation of governments and the assistance of relevant international organizations and institutions. Therefore, in this way, the right to social security, which plays an important role in social justice, economic development and international peace and security, is implemented and realized for citizens of the governments without any obstacle. Keywords: Informal Economy, The Government’s Obligations, Transnational Companies, The Right to Social Security, Privatization.
Majid Najarzadeh Hanjani
Abstract
Since the beginning of its theory, the public services faced with conceptual ambiguity and its substantive diagnostic criteria, at least in practice, has not been clear. The privatization of public services and undermining the criterion of "government intervention" and "public interest purpose" added ...
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Since the beginning of its theory, the public services faced with conceptual ambiguity and its substantive diagnostic criteria, at least in practice, has not been clear. The privatization of public services and undermining the criterion of "government intervention" and "public interest purpose" added to the existing ambiguity. In these circumstances, the public function doctrine, aimed at protecting the fundamental rights of citizens and their legitimate expectations and consolidation of state responsibility and prescription of regulatory in the market of public services was outlined and welcomed. According to this doctrine, apart from public services that are offered directly by the government, services that were previously provided by the government, but are now provided by the private sector, are also consideredaspublic services. This paper usingdescriptive and analyticalmethod, at first, analyzesverbalandsubstantiveconceptof public service, then reviews thecontentof public function doctrine and evolution of concept of public service and finally studiespurposes and effects ofadoption of public function doctrine.
