نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار، گروه حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بینالملل، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
حق تعیین سرنوشت یکی از اصول بنیادین حقوق بینالملل است. این حق، دروازه سایر حقوق بشری نام گرفته و اهمیت ویژه‌ای در حقوق بینالملل بشر دارد. از طرف دیگر دکترین مسئولیت حمایت، مفهومی نوپاست که با محوریت امنیت انسانی در برابر چهار جنایت بین‌المللی شکل گرفته است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی امکان بکارگیری ارکان غیرمداخله‌ای مسئولیت حمایت در راستای اعمال حق تعیین سرنوشت است. بنظر می‌رسد دولت‌هایی که حق تعیین سرنوشت داخلی مردمان خود شامل گروه‌های اقلیتی مختلف را نقض و بر خلاف اراده مردمان آن سرزمین بر سر کار هستند، بیشتر از سایر دولت‌ها در معرض ارتکاب جنایات موضوع مسئولیت حمایت هستند. توجه به رکن پیشگیرانه مسئولیت حمایت و بکارگیری ظرفیت‌های بین‌المللی برای کمک به دولت‌ها و اصلاح روندها از طریق جلب همکاری نظام حاکم، علاوه بر کمک به تأمین حق تعیین سرنوشت می‌تواند در راستای سایر اصول حقوق بینالملل همانند حاکمیت دولت، یکپارچگی سرزمینی و عدم مداخله باشد. اگرچه روشن نبودن معیارهای مداخلات حمایتی مخالفت‌هایی را بر می‌انگیزد اما در صورت اعمال بدون تبعیض آن که تقابل آن با نظم کنونی بین‌المللی می‌تواند آسیب‌های جبران‌ناپذیری بر جامعه بین‌المللی داشته باشد، نیازی به توسل به مفهوم چالش برانگیز جدایی چاره‌ساز نخواهد بود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Realization of the Right to Self-determination in the Framework of R2P
نویسندگان [English]
- Mohsen Abdollahi 1
- Seyed Reza Hosseini 2
1 Associate Professor, International Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 LLM, International Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
The right to self-determination could be applied in situations aiming to prevent crimes against humanity that are subject to the responsibility to protect. Generally, governments that violate the right to self-determination of their people, including minority groups, are more prone to committing these heinous crimes. The doctrine of the responsibility to protect seeks to establish a responsible government toward its citizens; The protection aspect of the doctrine has been discussed in this research, which does not necessarily include intervention. Adhering to human rights standards and exercising the right to self-determination in the framework of the responsibility to protect is a foundation to prevent situations that can lead to atrocities and widespread violations of human rights. Thus, this can be considered as the link between the right to self-determination and the responsibility to protect.
Literature Review
The right to self-determination of people has been an important subject of much legal research as a fundamental principle of international law. On the other hand, the responsibility to protect is also among the attractive topics of international law as a new doctrine. The two notions have been separately discussed by researchers such as Antonio Cassese, Jörg Fisch, Yasmine Nahlawi, and Stacey Henderson.
It can be claimed that the subject of this article which is an updated version of the corresponding author’s master’s thesis, is an innovative topic in the international law literature and has not been explored before.
Methodology
Firstly, a descriptive research method has been used for this research i.e., the characteristics and aspects of the right to self-determination and the responsibility to protect have been discussed separately. Secondly, based on the legal research method, the governments’ experiences in different situations have been observed to reach the final research result regarding the commonalities of these two notions.
Results
From the international law’s point of view, the internal aspect of the right to self-determination is an erga omnes rule, and its external dimension has been accepted as a jus cogens rule.
However, it should be noted that a separatist interpretation of the right to self-determination has no place in the current system of international law. International legal doctrines, governments’ stances, and international documents always emphasize on the importance and priority of the principle of territorial integrity. Further, international peace and security requires that separatist interpretations not be supported.
Conclusion
Today, respecting human rights and, most importantly, the right to self-determination is a global matter and the international community should contribute to its realization. The right to self-determination can be realized indirectly under the doctrine of responsibility to protect. In other words, the right to self-determination can be applied as a means of preventing the occurrence of crimes that are subject to the responsibility to protect doctrine, and in this regard, the international community can assist and take measures and put them on its agenda to ensure the exercise of this right.
The responsibility to protect emphasizes the primary responsibility of governments and the international community to assist other countries in carrying out their sovereign duties and only refers to the element of intervention at the last stage. the international community should come to the understanding that non-interventionist measures and international aid to the governments have a fundamental role and importance in supporting people and strengthening them and are to the benefit of international peace and security. The application of the responsibility to protect in Libya and the remedial secession in Kosovo showed how ineffective and destructive under-developed legal theories can be in practice.
On the other hand, the doctrine of responsibility to protect suffers from a lack of clear criteria for intervention which is a problem that the international community should take steps to resolve. In many cases, powerful countries, especially the permanent members of the Security Council, apply double standards towards human rights issues. So, in order to prevent similar tragedies and protect the citizens, the international community should set clear and thorough standards regarding human rights issues and make them binding. However, it should be noted that the concept of cultural diversity should be taken into account In the process of formulating standards because, in issues related to human rights, no fixed standard that could be applied to all.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Human Rights
- Remedial Secession
- Responsibility to Protect
- Self-determination of People
کتاب‌ها
- شایگان، فریده؛ طارم سری مسعود؛ گلشن‌پژوه محمودرضا؛ مستقیمی، بهرام و مولائی، یوسف، تقویت همکاری‌های بین‌المللی در زمینه حقوق بشر، زیر نظر جمشید ممتاز (تهران: دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، 1382).
- عزیزی، ستار، حمایت از حقوق اقلیتها در حقوق بینالملل، ویرایش دوم (تهران: مؤسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهر دانش، 1394).
مقاله‌ها
- ابراهیمگل، علیرضا و کریمی، سیامک، «تقابل تمامیت سرزمینی و حقوق بشر؛ ارزیابی حقوقی نظریهجداییچارهساز»، پژوهشنامه ایرانی سیاست بینالملل، سال سوم، شماره2، (1394).
- پارسامهر، محمدعلی و میرموسوی، سید علی، «حل و فصل مسئله اقلیتها در پرتو رویکرد نوین حق تعیین سرنوشت»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 50، شماره 1، (1399).
- زمانی، سید قاسم و زمانیان، سورنا، «جایگاه دکترین مسئولیت حمایت در بحران سوریه»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46، شماره 3، (1395).
- شهریاری، عبدالنعیم و یعقوبی، اسماعیل، «اجرای مسئولیت حمایت» (ترجمه)، زیر نظر محسن عبدالهی، سالنامه ایرانی حقوق بینالملل و تطبیقی، شماره چهارم، (1387).
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