International Law
Soroosh Falahati; Mirghasem Jafarzade
Abstract
IntroductionIn the field of intellectual property rights, host states’ policies, and accordingly, the approach of the relevant treaty towards expropriation and intellectual property rights play a key role when separating expropriation from regulatory measures. This article will analyze these issues ...
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IntroductionIn the field of intellectual property rights, host states’ policies, and accordingly, the approach of the relevant treaty towards expropriation and intellectual property rights play a key role when separating expropriation from regulatory measures. This article will analyze these issues as well as the approach adopted by Iran in this regard, while also discussing the necessity of changing the approach adopted in Iran's foreign investment protection treaties. It then continues to examine Philip Morris v. Uruguay because, firstly, although the relevant treaty contained expropriation provisions similar to those of most treaties to which Iran is a party, eventually Uruguay managed to win the case. Therefore, Uruguay’s defenses can be helpful for Iran in similar cases. Secondly, it will be shown that issuance of a favorable award for the host state in this case provides no guarantee that othertribunals follow the approach adopted by that tribunal. Therefore, the article suggests specific clauses to be inserted into investment treaties of Iran that can be interpreted to the benefit of public interest and, as such, reduce the possible instances that require compensation to be paid by the government.Research Question - Which aspects of the host state’s defenses in Philip Morris v. Uruguay can be utilized by Iran in similar expropriation claims?- When faced with similar expropriation disputes, would it suffice for Iran to rely on defenses similar to those of Uruguay in the said case?- What is the best possible approach for Iran to adopt in its foreign investment promotion and protection treaties to avoid compensation in expropriation disputes? Literature ReviewThe Persian legal database contains few studies examining the Philip Morris v. Uruguay case. They mostly contain overviews of the case and discuss the restrictions imposed on trademarks as a method of expropriating industrial property rights. However, no prior article has examined how the defenses used by Uruguay could be of use to Iran’s government when faced with similar expropriation claims. In this regard, the authors explain the importance of the state’s regulatory and policing powers and their degree of interference in the foreign investor’s property rights. Nevertheless, this piece indicates that the host state’s defenses in the Philip Morris v. Uruguay case cannot be relied upon in all similar instances, especially considering that Iran seems to have adopted the “high protection” policy towards foreign investments and has consequently opted not to discuss and define the connection between expropriation and governmental measures in the field of intellectual property rights in most of its BITs. The article suggests that Iran adopt the “increased predictability” or “qualified” policy and set apart intellectual property rights-related regulatory measures from the scope of expropriation. A similar suggestion can only be found in an article written by the authors of this article titled “Legal Nature of Compulsory Licensing under Patent Law: A Regulatory Measure or Expropriation?”. However, the said suggestion, unlike the suggestions in this article, was primarily focused only on a single regulatory measure of the host state i.e., compulsory licenses. 3. MethodologyThis article uses a descriptive and analytical method and the authors have resorted to library research to gather the relevant resources. A wide range of resources including the most recent books, articles, dissertations, cases, and regulations have been used to author this piece. In particular, it has been attempted to examine different treaties on the protection and promotion of foreign investment so that the article would be of a comparative nature. ConclusionTreaties on the promotion and protection of foreign investment contain different views concerning the relationship between expropriation and governmental measures that are taken regarding foreign investors' intellectual property rights. Considering that the exclusion approach reduces the instances in which the host states would have to pay compensation, this article concludes that Iran's government should adopt this approach when drafting these treaties and set aside its current approach which is unclear about the relation between expropriation and regulatory measures in the field of intellectual property. Until then, due to the similarities between the approaches adopted by Iran and Uruguay regarding the relation between expropriation and governmental measures in the field of intellectual property rights, Uruguay's defenses in Phillip Morris v. Uruguay can be utilized by Iran in similar expropriation claims filed against it.
Mirghasem Jafarzade; Soroosh Falahati
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on expropriation of foreign investment. However, different methods of expropriating intellectual property of foreign investors have yet to be shed light on by legal scholars. Considering that issuance of compulsory licenses is one of the most important measures in ...
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Extensive research has been conducted on expropriation of foreign investment. However, different methods of expropriating intellectual property of foreign investors have yet to be shed light on by legal scholars. Considering that issuance of compulsory licenses is one of the most important measures in this respect, this article shall focus on compulsory licensing through critical analysis of different approaches in this regard, and an attempt will be made to provide a proper response to the question whether compulsory licenses are regulatory measures or expropriation ending in compensation. The piece will make an effort to achieve this through illustration of current stance of the Iranian legal system, domestic and international regulations and pertinent legal cases. It seems that despite the initial regulatory nature of such licenses, one cannot exclude all instances of granting compulsory licenses from the expropriation provisions. Instead, adoption of a case by case approach along with due consideration of the literature of the treaty and domestic regulations in order to determine whether the measure of government in regard to issuance of such licenses is expropriation or not is recommended.
Hossein Fazli Maghsoudi; zeinalabedin Taghavi Fardoud; Alireza Saberian
Abstract
Property and the resulting rights have always been honored and protected, and of course, restricted and deprived. In the relevant laws and regulations, although property is one of the basic human rights, it may be violated and restricted in some necessities such as securing the public interests of society, ...
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Property and the resulting rights have always been honored and protected, and of course, restricted and deprived. In the relevant laws and regulations, although property is one of the basic human rights, it may be violated and restricted in some necessities such as securing the public interests of society, so that the damage leads to its deprivation and abstraction of property from the owner. The Islamic legislator has tried to expropriate property in accordance with property rights and according to the needs of society. Therefore, measures such as the provision of the Court of Administrative Justice and the Guardian Council have been considered in order to protect private property. In this article, which has been compiled in a library method, we will be in a position to answer the question of how the Court of Administrative Justice can prevent or protect the expropriation of persons, but the result is that the Court of Administrative Justice cannot prevent expropriation alone or without legal protection or fully protect the right to property.
