نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار دانشکده حقوقی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 فارغ التحصیل دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

دادستانی از مهمترین نهادهای عمومی در جهت تحقق حاکمیت قانون و تضمین حق­ها و آزادی­های سیاسی محسوب می­شود. با این حال در مورد جایگاه حقوقی- اساسی این نهاد در میان قوا مبانی نظری یا رویه عملی واحدی وجود ندارد. در این مقاله تلاش می‌شود چهار عامل و دغدغه موثر بر موقعیت دادستانی در میان قوای سه­گانه بررسی شود. این عوامل عبارت است از: استقلال دادستانی، تفکیک مقام تعقیب و قضاوت، لزوم خط­مشی­گذاری تعقیبی و پاسخگویی. در شرایطی که قرار گرفتن دادستانی در ساختار قوه قضاییه، استقلال این نهاد را تا حد مطلوب تامین می‌کند، حضور قاضی و دادستان در یک ساختار، احتمال برهم خوردن تفکیک میان مقام قضاوت و مقام تعقیب را افزایش می­دهد. در مقابل با توجه به اختیار دادستان در اعمال صلاحدید در تعقیب، خط­مشی­گذاری در امر تعقیب و پاسخگویی این نهاد از اهمیت بسیار برخوردار است که لازمه آن ارتباط و تعامل دادستانی با دیگر قوا به ویژه قوه مجریه است. قضاوت در مورد جایگاه مطلوب دادستانی در میان قوا نیازمند ایجاد تعادل میان این چهار دغدغه و عامل موثر، با توجه به شرایط سیاسی و زمینه­های تاریخی شکل­گیری قوا در هر نظام حقوقی است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Comparative Analysis of the Effective Factors on Prosecution’s Legal-Constitutional Status among the Powers

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Jalali 1
  • Saeed Barkhordari 2

1 the Professor of the law faculty of Shahid Beheshti University

2 graduated of Tarbiat Modares University

چکیده [English]

The Prosecution is one of the most important public institutions in the realization of the rule of law and the protector of political rights and freedoms. However, there is no theoretical basis or practical practice regarding the position of this institution among the three powers. Affected by the legal structure and historical and political issues of each country, four factors have been influential in the formation of the position of the Prosecutor's Office: the executive structure; the structure of the judiciary; the independent prosecution; and the elected prosecution, which makes it impossible to introduce a desirable and ideal model for all systems. However, this paper will attempt to examine the four factors and concerns about the prosecution's position among the three powers. These factors include: the independence of the prosecutor's office; the separation of the Prosecution and Adjudication; and the need for prosecution policy-making and accountability. For the desirable position of the prosecution among the powers, it is necessary to strike a balance among these four concerns and effective factors in accordance with the political situation and the historical context of the formation of powers in any legal system.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Prosecution
  • Independence of Prosecution
  • status of Prosecution
  • Discretion
  • Accountability
الف- فارسی
کتاب‌ها
- روژه، پرو، (1334)، نهادهای قضایی فرانسه، ترجمه شهرام ابراهیمی و همکاران، تهران: انتشارات سلسبیل.
- آشوری، محمد، (1385)، آیین دادرسی کیفری، جلد1، چاپ یازدهم، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
 
مقاله‌ها
- حبیب­زاده، محمدجعفر؛ کرامت، قاسم و شهبازی­نیا، مهدی، (1381)، «استقلال قضایی در نظام حقوقی ایران با مطالعه تطبیقی»، نشریه حقوق، شماره 32.
- شاملو، باقر و محمدی، شهرام، (1390)، «نقض بی طرفی و عدم استقلال قاضی؛ جلوه‌اى از اقدام مخل دادرسی عادلانه»، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی، دوره 14، بهار، شماره 108.
 
ب- انگلیسی
Books
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 -          Hodgson, Jacqueline, (2016), The Democratic Accountability of Prosecutors in England and Wales and France: Independence, Discretion and Managerialism, In: Langer, Maximo and Sklansky, David Alan, (eds.) Prosecutors and Democracy: A Cross-National Study, Cambridge University Press.
 
Articles
-          Aguiar, Aguilar؛ Azul, América, (2012), “Institutional Changes in the Public Prosecutor's Office the Cases of Medico, Chile and Brazil”, Mexican Law Review, Vol. IV, No. 2.
 -          Apfel, Seth, (2014), “Prosecutorial Misconduct: Comparing American and Foreign Approaches to a Pervasive Problem and Devising Possible Solutions”, Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 31, No. 3.
 -          Badamasiuy, Juwayriya, Bello, Muhammad, (2013), “An Appraisal of Administrative Justice and Good Governance in Nigeria”, Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 6, No. 2.
 -          Bibas, Stephanos, (2009), “Prosecutorial Regulation versus Prosecutorial Accountability”, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 157, APRIL 2009, No. 4.
 -          Bibas, Stephanos, (2009), “Rewarding Prosecutors for Performance”, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, Vol. 6.
 -          Bruno, Schönfelder, (2015), “Judicial Self-Government is not Tantamount to Autonomy of Law - The case of Bulgaria”, August, available at: https://tu-freiberg. de/ sites/ default/files/media/professur-fuer-allgemeine-volkswirtschaftslehre-3425/autonomy_ of_ judiciary _not_ tantamount_ to_autonomy_of_law_-_the_case_of_bulgaria.pdf.
 -          Code, Michael, (2009), “Judicial Review of Prosecutorial Decisions: A Short History of Costs and Benefits, in Response to Justice Rosenberg”, Queen's Law Journal (Canada), Spring, Volume 34, No. 2.
 -          Comtois, Suzanne؛ de Graaf, K.J, (2013), “On Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Independence”, Boom Juridische Uitgevers, Den Haag.
 -          De Villiers, Wium P, (2011), “Is the Prosecuting Authority under South African Law Politically Independent? An Investigation into the South African and Analogous Models”, Journal of Contemporary Roman-Dutch Law, Vol. 74.
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 -          Driesen, David, (2008), “Firing U.S. Attorneys: An Essay”, Administrative Law Review, Vol. 60, No. 3.
 -          Hamilton, James, (2011), “Prosecutorial Independence and Accountability”, European Commission for Democracy through Law, Strasbourg, 15 March.
 -          Hodgson, Jacqueline, (2002), “Bureaucracy, and Ideology in French Criminal Justice: Some Empirical Observations”, Journal of Law and Society, Vol. 29, No. 2.
 - Hodgson, Jacqueline, (2001), “Guilty Pleas and the Changing Role of the Prosecutor in French Criminal Justice”, University of Warwick School of Law, Legal Studies Research, Paper No. 2010-15.
 - Hodgson, Jacqueline & Soubise, Laurène, (2016), “Prosecution in France”, Online Publication Date: Nov 2016, available at: http:// www. Oxford handbooks. com/view/ 10.1093/ oxfordhb/9780199935383.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935383-e-124? mediaType=Article.
 - Lindquist, Stefanie  & C. Cross, Frank, (2007), “Stability, Predictability and the Rule Of Law: Stare Defuses as Reciprocity Norm”, available at: https:// law. utexas. edu/ conferences/ measuring/The%20Papers/Rule%20of%20Law%20 Conference.crosslindquist.pdf.
 - Pakes, Francis, (1999), “The Positioning of the Prosecution Service in the Netherlands and England and Wales: Lessons from one Extreme to Another”, Liverpool Law Review, No. 21.
 - Philip B. Heymann, (1995), “Should LatinAmerican Prosecutors Be Independent of the Executive in Prosecuting Government Abuses?”, 26 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev, 535.
 - Rios-Figueroa, Julio, (2006), “Judicial Independence and Corruption an Analysis on Latin America”, Department of Politics; Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE) June 28.
 - Secretariat, Commonwealth, (2016), “Prosecution Independence and Accountability: Principles, Challenges and Recommendations”, Commonwealth Law Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 4.
 - Sossin, Lorne, (2005), “Speaking Truth to Power? The Search for Bureaucratic Independence in Canada”, University of Toronto Law Journal, No. 60.
 - Spigelman, James, (2016), “Justice “Seen to be Done” or “Seem To Be Done?”, International Law Section, Law Council of Australia, 10 March 2016. Available at: https:// www. hkcfa. hk/ filemanager/ speech/ en/ upload/ 155/ Justice%20-%20 Seen% 20to% 20be% 20Done %20or %20Seem %20to %20be%20Done.pdf.
 -Van Aaken, Anne et al, (2010), “Do Independent Prosecutors Deter Political Corruption? An Empirical Evaluation across Seventy-eight Countries”, American Law and Economics Review. Vol. 12, No. 1.
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 Documents
-            Accountability in Governance - World Bank Group: available at: https:// siteresources. worldbank. org/ Publicsectorand Governance/ Resources/ AccountabilityGovernance.pdf.
 -  Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990.
 - International Principles on the Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and Prosecutors, Practitioners’ Guide Series N°1, International Commission of Jurists Geneva, Switzerland 2004.
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 - The Role of Public Prosecution in the Criminal Justice System, Recommendation Rec (2000) 19, Adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe.
 - The Status and Role of Prosecutors, A United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and International Association of Prosecutors Guide, New York, 2014.
 
 Theses
- Abhyankar, Hemant Keshav, (2012), Investigation on Improving Quality of Technical Education in a Self-Financed Institution a Management Perspective', thesis for the PhD, Faculty of Management of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, October.
 - Kyprianou, Despina, (2006), The Role of the Cyprus Attorney General's Office in Prosecutions: Rhetoric, Ideology and Practice, thesis for the PhD, University of London.