Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Seyed Qasem Zamani ¹
• Maryam Hosseinabadi ²

¹ Professor, Public International Law, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

² Ph.D. Public International Law,, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction

The presence of Non-State Armed Groups (NSAGs) in conflicts with each other or against states has increasingly posed a threat to international peace and security in recent decades. In this respect, it is essential to examine the extent to which these groups adhere to the principles of international humanitarian law (IHL)—a branch of international law that regulates both international and non-international armed conflicts. Equally important is understanding the theoretical foundations that underscore the necessity of NSAGs’ compliance with IHL, as their adherence or non-adherence to these primary rules impacts the application of secondary rules, which serve as guarantees for breaches of primary rules. For a long time after the United Nations was established on the ruins of the League of Nations, which had failed to prevent two world wars, international armed conflicts between states were viewed as primary threats to global peace and security. However, in recent decades, conflicts involving NSAGs—sometimes with substantial military capabilities—against each other or against states have emerged as significant threats to international peace and security. The increasing number of non-state armed conflicts, where NSAGs hold considerable power as parties to the conflict, presents new challenges in the field of international law. It is essential to address these issues, as legal frameworks must evolve to respond to contemporary societal developments and issues. A key question is whether IHL rules are binding on NSAGs, and if so, what theoretical foundations justify such adherence and what impact compliance (or lack thereof) has on these groups in armed conflicts. The present study aimed to address these questions by drawing on library and online sources, along with relevant international documents. The analysis focused on the NSAGs involved in non-international armed conflicts in Yemen. 

Literature Review

This research discussed the theoretical foundations of NSAGs’ obligations under IHL and the necessity and implications of recognizing NSAGs’ adherence to IHL, focusing on the non-international armed conflict in Yemen. Several studies have dealt with these issues. For example, Ahlborn (2011) explored the rules governing international organizations and the law of international responsibility. Similarly, Clapham (2010) delved into the rights and responsibilities of non-state armed actors, examining the legal complexities and issues. Fazaeli (2016) focused on the context of Yemen, analyzing military intervention there through the lens of international law. Karamzadeh and Moradian (2015) also approached the topic by investigating the principles guiding non-state groups’ compliance with humanitarian laws. Their research contrasts Islamic and international humanitarian perspectives, using Iraq and Syria as case studies. Finally, Qureshi (2019) examined the applicability of international humanitarian law to non-state actors.

Materials and Methods

The present study used a descriptive–analytical approach and international sources and doctrines to clarify theories regarding the adherence of NSAGs to IHL and its impact on secondary rules, with a particular focus on the non-international armed conflict in Yemen.

Results and Discussion

The analysis of normative rules reveal that NSAGs are not considered as unknown entities in the field of international law. Instead, legal issues addressing these groups are becoming more regularized due to their diversity, importance, and the wide-ranging roles they play across various dimensions within the international community. In this context, it can be argued that NSAGs involved in non-international armed conflicts possess, to some extent, international legal personality and are subject to specific obligations and responsibilities under international law. It seems that international law is not yet fully developed, but it possesses a dynamic and flexible nature. This adaptability allows for a focus on advancing progressive theories within international law. Therefore, clarifying perspectives on the necessity for NSAGs to observe humanitarian rules—and the impact of this adherence on secondary rules—plays a crucial role in enhancing the theoretical understanding of international law.
 
 

Conclusion

Among the various theories in this field, the theory advocating for the adherence of NSAGs to international law appears the most realistic. This is largely due to its emphasis on the organizational structure of these groups and control over territory. Applying this theory may also pave the way for addressing the issue of international responsibility of NSAGs in non-international armed conflicts.

Keywords

• Keywords: Non-state Armed Groups
• International Obligations
• Secondary Rules
• Non-International Armed Conflict
• Yemen

Main Subjects

• International Law