نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
اخیراً منابع آب برای اقتصاد و جمعیت در حال‌رشد اهمیت به‌سزایی یافته؛ از این‌رو مدیریت بهره‌برداری از منابع آبی و حفظ محیط زیست مستلزم انجام رویکردهای چندجانبه‌ای از سوی کشورها و سایر بازیگران در عرصه بین‌المللی شده است. این وضعیت هنگامی پیچیده‌تر شده که یک منبع آبی به صورت مشترک میان چند کشور قرار گرفته باشد؛ زیرا مقدار منابع آبی محدود بوده و به‌نحو منصفانه‌ای میان کشورهای مجاور باید توزیع گردد. آلمان به‌دلیل مدیریت بهینه و بهره‌برداری از این منابع آبی و حفظ محیط زیست و توسعه برق‌آبی در ابعاد داخلی و فرامرزی محل توجه قرار گرفته است. پرسش این است که در اسناد حقوقی و رویه عملی آلمان چه رویکردی برای مقابله با منازعات مطرح در زمینه تخصیص آب‌های مشترک وجود دارد؟ از راهکارهای آن، برای حل چالش نحوه توزیع آب‌های مشترک میان کشورهای مقابل و مجاور در سایر کشورها و نقاط جهان نیز می‌توان بهره جست. راهکارهای این کشور در اسناد حقوقی و رویه عملی آن نمودیافته که از طریق بررسی آنها به روش تحلیلی، اصول استفاده معقول و منصفانه، ارزیابی نیازهای بالقوه، بالفعل و آتی کشورها، منع ورود آسیب و حفظ ذخایر منابع آبی مشترک به‌همراه همکاری میان کشورها در جهت ارائه بیشترین میزان خدمات به کلیت جامعه بشری استنباط گردیده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The commitment of the German government to the standards governing the exploitation of shared waters
نویسندگان [English]
- Elham Aminzadeh 1
- Mersedeh Mazloumi 2
- Amirsaed Vakil 3
1 Professor, Public International Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D Student, Public International Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Public International Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
In recent years, water resources have become increasingly important due to economic growth and population expansion. Effective management of these resources, along with environmental conservation, requires a multilateral approach involving countries and other international actors. This challenge becomes even more complex when water sources are shared across borders, as water is a limited resource that must be distributed fairly among neighboring countries. Germany, along with other European countries, has gained recognition for its effective management of shared water resources, environmental protection efforts, and hydropower development at both national and transnational levels. The German solutions offer valuable insights into addressing the challenges of water distribution among neighboring countries and can be applied in other regions worldwide. The solution adopted by Germany is reflected in its legal documents and practical procedures, emphasizing key principles such as equitable and reasonable use, assessment of each country’s current and future water needs, prevention of harm to others, and the preservation of shared water reserves. Furthermore, the approach advocates for international cooperation to maximize the benefits of water resources for the broader global community.
Literature Review
Previous discussions on the topic focused on the general study of transboundary waters, without examining the legal documents and judicial procedures particular to the German context. By addressing issues related to shared waters within the German legal system, this article can make a valuable contribution to legal scholarship.
Materials and Methods
The present study first examined Germany’s legal documents related to environmental regulations. Then it focused on the country’s practical procedure in the exploitation of shared waterways. In the first section, the management of shared water resources was analyzed from both national and international perspectives by distinguishing between Germany’s legal documents at these two levels. In this respect, the national legal documents were explored, particularly its alignment with higher-level legal instruments such as the European Union Water Framework Directive. Then, international conventions that Germany has joined or taken action on were reviewed.
Results and Discussion
Germany’s strategy for managing water resources at both the national and international levels treats all water bodies as integral parts of the natural ecosystem, requiring integrated management. This approach ensures that water resources are used optimally and equitably—both in terms of quantity and quality—while also preserving reserves for the future. Maintaining water reserves helps reduce potential conflicts between countries that share or border these waterways. In addition, the establishment of joint commissions for managing shared water resources plays a crucial role in their preservation. Such collaborative efforts contribute to minimizing disputes and challenges among the countries bordering on waterways. The more effectively and fairly shared rivers are managed, the better water resources are preserved, ultimately reducing conflicts over shared waterways.
Conclusion
By analyzing Germany’s current practical procedure, the study revealed that one effective solution for resolving conflicts over the allocation of shared water resources is to define the responsibilities and rights of countries within a watershed. This ensures that while nations exploit the water within their territorial boundaries, they also adhere to key principles such as caution, preventive action, and compensation. Cooperation in managing shared water resources takes precedence over conflict resolution, as collaboration among watershed countries can significantly contribute to water resource management. Moreover, transparency plays a crucial role in preventing misunderstandings between countries. Ensuring access to information fosters mutual understanding among countries sharing a watershed, helping them reach a common ground.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- German Water Law
- EU Water Framework Directive
- Shared Water
- Legal Documents
- Judicial Practice
- Executive Practice
مقاله‌ها
- آوریده، فریبا، عطاری، جلال و عبداللهی، محسن، «مطالعه تطبیقی اصول و قواعد بین‌المللی حاکم بر تقسیم آب در رودخانه‌های فرامرزی»، فصلنامه علوم محیطی، دوره 14، شماره 2، (1395).
- بهزادی پارسی، آرش و سیفی، سید جمال، «رابطه میان حقوق سرمایه‌گذار خارجی و تعهدات بین‌المللی حقوق بشر و محیط زیست»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، شماره 61، (1398).
- اردکانی، محمدذاکر و آرش پور، علیرضا، «ارزیابی قضایی حل و فصل اختلافات بین‌المللی زیست‌محیطی»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، دوره 52، شماره 1، (1401).
- فراستمند، امینه، «مبنای استناد به معیار تناسب در حل‌وفصل اختلافات دولت- سرمایه‌گذار»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 52، شماره 1، (1401).
- کدخدایی، عباسعلی و مظلومی، مرسده، «وضعیت حاکمیت در اتحادیه اروپا در پرتو آرای دیوان دادگستری اتحادیه اروپا»، فصلنامه حقوق عمومی، دوره 23، شماره 71، (1400).
References
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Documents
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- The Federal Water Act (Wasserhaushaltsgesetz) Was Adopted in (1996).
- The London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter and the Subsequent Protocol of (1996).
- Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (Watercourses Convention), (1997).
- Directive 98/83/EC–Drinking Water Directive, (1998).
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Cases
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