Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Department of law, Hamedan branch, Islamic Azad university, Hamedan, Iran.

Abstract

From Aristotle era to globalization, political society has been divided into two sectors: sovereigns and subjects. In recent decades a new sector is recreated known as civil society. Civil society is the subject of law and the source of rights and duties simultaneously. Reconstruction of civil society has disrupted the planar structure of political society, moreover has redefined binding and sanction of legal rules. No more binding is the most important element of legal rules; civil society sets persuasiveness instead of it as the core element of legal rules. There is a direct relationship between civil society and democracy; this means that they enforce each other; consequently civil society finds a new role in the triangle of government, private sector and citizens hereupon enters into legal theories. All these changes caused by globalization. Former international law had intergovernmental structure; it means that just the governments and intergovernmental organizations were entities of international law; whereas now individuals claim that they are active entities of law while they are organized in institutions of civil society. This article focuses on the influences of above evolution on lawmaking.

Keywords

الف) فارسی
کتاب­ها
- صادقی، فاطمه، (1392)،  کشف حجاب، بازخوانی یک مداخله مدرن، تهران: نگاه معاصر، چاپ نخست.
-           کلی، جان، (1388)، تاریخ مختصر تئوری حقوقی در غرب، ترجمه محمد راسخ، تهران:  طرح نو، چاپ دوم.
-           گلشن­پژوه، محمودرضا، (1386)، راهنمای سازمان­های غیر دولتی، چاپ دوم، تهران: مؤسسه فرهنگی مطالعات و تحقیقات بین­المللی ابرار معاصر.
-           گیدنز، آنتونی، (1388)، چشم­اندازهای جهانی، محمدرضا جلایی­پور، چاپ سوم، تهران: طرح نو.
-           همایون کاتوزیان، محمد علی، (1390)، تضاد دولت و ملت، نظریه تاریخ و سیاست در ایران، ترجمه علی­رضا طیب، چاپ هشتم، تهران: نشر نی.
 
مقاله                                                                                                      
-  ضیایی بیگدلی، محمدرضا، (1385)، «جهانی شدن حقوق بین­الملل؛ چالش قرن بیست و یکم»، همایش جهانی شدن حقوق و چالش­های آن، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد.
اسناد
- آیین­نامه اجرایی تأسیس و فعالیت سازمان­های مردم­نهاد، مصوب 1384.
 
ب) انگلیسی
Books
-            Anheier, Helmut K., Toepler, Stefan (Eds.), (2010), International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 1sted, Berlin.
 
-            Arendt, Hannah, (1998), The Human Condition, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2nded.
 
-            Austin, John, (1832), The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, London, John Murray.
 
-            Cicero, Marcus Tullius, (1999),  On the Commonwealth and on the Law, James E. G. Zetzel (ed.), Cambridg, Cambridg University Press.
-            Drumbl, Mark, (2010), “Actors and Law-Making in International Environmental Law”, in: Malgosia Fitzmaurice , David, M. ong , Panos Merkouris (eds.), Research Handbook on International Environmental Law, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
 
-            Giddens, Anthony, (1990), The Consequences of Morality, Cambridge, Polity Press.
 
-            Giddens, Anthony, (1999), The Third way, the Renewal of Social Democracy, Cambridge, Polity Press.
 
-            Hill, Gina, (2008), “A Case of NGO Participation, International Criminal Court Negotiations”, in: Walker, James, Thompson, Andrew (eds.), Critical Mass: The Emergence of Global Civil Society (Studies in International Governance), waterloo, Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
 
-            Hobbes, Thomas, (1651), Leviathan or the Matter forme, & power of a Common-wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, London, Printed for Andrew Crooke.
 
-            Hobbes, Thomas, (1949), De Cive or the Citizen, Sterling P. (ed.), New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts.
 
-            Keane, John, (2003), Global Civil Society? Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
 
-            Lock, John, (1980), Second Treatise of Government, C. B. Macpherson (ed.), Indianapolis, Hackett Pub Co.
 
-            Michnik, Adam, (1985), “A New Evolutionism”, in: Letters from Prison and other Essays, Translated by Maya Latynski, Berkeley, University of California Press.
 
-            Post, Robert, Rosenblum, Nancy, (eds.), (2002), Civil Society and Government, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
 
-            Rousseau, Jean- Jacques, (1968). Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Edited by: Dover Thrift, New York: Dover Publications.
 
-            Vincent, Andrew, (1987), Theories of State, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
 
-            Wasserman, Stanley, Faust, Katherine, (1994), Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
 
Articles
-            Annan, Kofi, (1997), “Opening Address to Fiftieth DPI/NGO Conference”, September 10, Press Release No. SG/SM/6320, PI/1027.
 
-            Berman, Paul Schiff, (2005), “From international law to law and globalization”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, No. 43.
 
-            Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, (1996), “An Agenda for Democratization”, U.N. Doc. A/51/761.
 
-          Cakmak, Cenap, (2008), “Civil Society Actors in International Law and World Politics: Definition, Conceptual Framework, Problems”, International Journal of Civil Society Law, No. 7.
 
-            Cohen, Joshua, Rogers, Joel, (1992), “Secondary Associations and Democratic Governance”, Politics and Society, Vol. 20, No. 4.
 
-            Etzioni, Amitai, (2000), “Law in Civil Society, Good Society, and the Prescriptive State”, Chicago-Kent Law Review, Vol. 75, No. 355.
 
-            Hart, H. L. A. (1958), “Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals”, Harvard Law Review, 71/4.
 
-            International Monetary Fund (IMF), (2014), “The IMF and Civil Society Organizations”, Factsheet at: http://www.imf.org/About/Factsheets/The-IMF-and-Civil-Society-Organizations?pdf=1.
 
-            Legrand, Pierre, (1997), “Against a European Civil Code”, Modern Law Review, No. 60.
 
-            Meidinger, Errol, (2001), “Law Making by Global Civil Society: the Forest Certification Prototype”, International Conference on Social and Political Dimensions of Forest Certification, University of Freiburg, June 20-22.
 
-            Pedraza-Fariña, Laura, (2013), “Conceptions of Civil Society in International Lawmaking and Implementation: a theoretical Framework”, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 34, No. 3.
 
-            Shestack, Jerome J, (1997- 1998), “Globalization of Human Rights Law”, Fordham International Law Journal, No. 21.
 
-            Smith, Jan, M, (2006-2007), “Law Making in the European Union: On Globalization and Contract Law in Divergent Legal Cultures”, Louisiana Law Review, Vol. 79.
 
-            Word Bank (WB), (1995), “Working with NGOs, A Practical Guides to Operational Collaboration between World Bank and Non-governmental Organization”, Operations Policy Department, working paper, Vol. 1, No. 1.
-            Zamboni, Mauro, (2007), “Globalization and Law-Making: Time to Shift a Legal Theory's Paradigm”, Legisprudence, Vol. 1, No. 1.
 
Documents:
-            Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, (CMS), 1979.
 
-            Council of Europe, (2002), “Fundamental Principles on the Status of Non-governmental Organizations in Europe”.
 
-            ECOSOC, (1968), “Arrangements for Consultation with Non-Governmental Organizations”, RES/1968/1296.
 
-            ECOSOC, (1996), “Consultative Relationship between the United Nations and Non-governmental Organizations”, Res. 1996/31.
 
-             Millennium, Declaration, (2000), (A/55/L.2).
 
-            Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, (1998).
 
Website
-WHO, “Civil Society”, at:http://www.who.int/ trade/ glossary/ story006/ en/مراجعه:14/9/1394.