Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Assistant Professor at Shiraz University
Abstract
Marine renewable energies are a form of renewable energy deriving from the various natural processes that take place in the marine environment and unlike non-renewable energy (fossil), capable of being by nature a short period of time, there again, or to be renewed. Because the use and operation of this energy is required to comply with standards and specific requirements, in this article we have tried to examine its rights and obligations of countries. In this regard, based on The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the legal system governing the various maritime areas of the internal waters, territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, continental shelf and the high seas has been separated. The results show that depending on the area of the sea those renewable energy installations where it is established, rights and obligations is different. Most requirements related to protection and preservation of the marine environment and safety of navigation and most points is awarded to the high seas.
Keywords
الف) فارسی
کتاب‌ها
- چرچیل، رابین و آلن لو، (1377)، حقوق بینالملل دریاها، ترجمه دکتر بهمن آقائی، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش.
- طلائی، فرهاد، (1390)، حقوق بینالملل دریاها، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات جنگل.
مقاله‌ها
- اخیانی، محمود، وحید چگینی و مسعود محموداف، (1392)، «ارزیابی ذخیره انرژی تجدیدپذیر جریانهای دریایی در آبهای ایرانی خلیج فارس و دریای عمان»، سومین کنفرانس انرژیهای تجدیدپذیر و تولید پراکنده ایران، اصفهان، دانشگاه اصفهان.
- دبیری، فرهاد و مژده کیانی، (1386)، «بررسی قوانین و مقررات پیش‌گیرانه از جمله ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی در کشور ایران و چند کشور صنعتی»، مجله علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست، دوره نهم، زمستان، شماره 4.
- عرب، قاسم و عقیل براتی ملایری، (1388)، «مقایسه تطبیقی سیاستهای انرژی ایران با سیاستهای انرژی در کشورهای عضو آژانس بینالمللی انرژی»، هفتمین همایش ملی انرژی، 1 و 2 دیماه.
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hrm.niordc.ir/uploads/enerji%20tajdidpazir_8673.doc
قوانین و مقررات
- آئیننامه جلوگیری از آلودگی آب مصوب 1373.
- آئیننامه اجرائی نحوه جلوگیری از آلودگی صوتی مصوب 1378.
- قانون اصلاح الگوی مصرف مصوب 1389.
- قانون برنامه دوم، سوم، چهارم و پنجم توسعه اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی جمهوری اسلامی ایران.
- قانون رفع موانع تولید رقابتپذیر و ارتقای نظام مالی کشور مصوب 1394.
- قانون عضویت دولت ایران در آژانس بینالمللی انرژیهای تجدیدپذیر مصوب 1391.
- قانون کنوانسیون چارچوب حفاظت از محیط زیست دریایی دریای خزر مصوب 1384.
- قانون نحوه جلوگیری از آلودگی هوا مصوب 1374.
ب) انگلیسی
Book
- Tomain, Joseph P, Richard D Cudahy, (2008). Energy Law in a Nutshell, Legal Press.
Articles
- Castelos, Montserrat Abad, (2014), “Marine Renewable Energies: Opportunities, Law, and Management”, Ocean Development & International Law, No. 45.
- Chang, Yen-Chiang, (2015), “Marine Renewable Energy—the Essential Legal Considerations”, Journal of World Energy Law and Business, Vol. 8, No. 1.
- Chang, Yen-Chiang, (2011), “Ocean Governance—What Lessons can be Learnt from the United States, Canada and Australia”, Taiwan Ocean Law Review, Vol.8 Issue 2.
- Chang, Y & Zhao. Y, (2012), “The Fukushima Nuclear Power Station Incident and Marine Pollution”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 64 No. 5.
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- Leary, David & Miguel Esteban, (2009), “Renewable Energy from the Ocean and Tides: A viable Renewable Energy Resource in Search of a Suitable Regulatory Framework”, Carbon and Climate Law Review, Vol. 4.
- Todd, Paul, (2012), “Marine Renewable Energy and Public Rights”, Marine Policy, Vol. 36.
- Voke, Miranda. Fairley, Iain. Willis. Miles and Ian Masters, (2013), “Economic Evaluation of the Recreational Value of the Coastal Environment in a Marine Renewables Deployment”, Ocean & Coastal Management, Vol. 78.
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Reports & Documents
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, 2011.
- Report of Scientific Research Dynamic Monitoring, issue 22, 15 November 2011.
- Report of the Secretary-General, “New and Emerging Technologies: Renewable Energy for Development”, (Economic and Social Council), UN Doc. E/CN.16/2010/4, 8 March 2010.
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Acts & Conventions
- Canada’s Marine Renewable Energy Technology Roadmap (2011).
- Climate Change Act (2008).
- Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (1972).
- Convention on the prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastest and other Matter (1972, London).
- Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning Framework (2004).
- Coastal Zone Management Act (1972).
- Endangered Species Act.
- General Provisions on Ships’ Routeing.
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL, 1973-78).
- International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (1974).
- Marine and Coastal Access Act )2009(.
- Marine (Scotland) Act )2010(.
- National Energy Act (1978).
- National Energy Board Act (1985).
- Oceans Act (1996).
- Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (1978).
- Provisions on Protection of Submarine Cables and Pipelines.
- Renewable Energy Zone Order (2004).
- Scottish Sustainable Marine Environment Initiative (2005).
- The Canadian Environmental Protection Act 1999.
- The Energy Policy Act (1992).
- The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
- Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (1953).
Cases & Awards
- Gabc´ıkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), [1997] I.C.J. Reports 7, at 70, 75.
- Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana v. Namibia), [1999] I.C.J. Reports 1045, at 1087, 1088.
- Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), [2010] I.C.J. Reports 135, at 180.
- The Award of the Arbitral Tribunal in the Iron Rhine (“Ijzeren Rijn”) Railway Case (Belgium v. Netherlands) (2005), 28–29, 49, at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, available at: www.pcacpa.org.
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