نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

• محمد امین ابریشمی راد

استادیار حقوق عمومی دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران

چکیده

اصل 4 قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران فقهای شورای نگهبان را برای اعمال نظارت شرعی بر اطلاق یا عموم اصول قانون اساسی صالح دانسته است. بر این اساس، فقهای آن شورا از طریق ارائه «تفاسیر شرعی مستقیم و صریح» یا «تفاسیر شرعی غیرمستقیم و ضمنی» حسب مورد اطلاق یا عموم اصول قانون اساسی را تقیید یا تخصیص زده‌اند. این پژوهش با شناسایی مصادیق اعمال این صلاحیت توسط فقهای شورای نگهبان در قالب پژوهشی توصیفی – تحلیلی در پی پاسخ به این پرسش اصلی می‌باشد که فقهای شورای نگهبان تا چه حدی می‌توانند اطلاق یا عموم اصول قانون اساسی را قید یا تخصیص بزنند؟ یافته‌های این پژوهش اثبات کرده است که با عنایت به ترکیب اعضای مجلس بررسی نهایی قانون اساسی که اکثریت آنها فقیه و اسلام‌شناس بوده‌اند و تأیید قانون اساسی توسط حضرت امام خمینی (ره) و از سوی دیگر به جهت حفظ ثبات و انسجام قانون اساسی به‌عنوان یک میثاق ملی باید فرض را در خصوص مفاد قانون اساسی بر شرعی بودن آنها دانست و صلاحیت فقهای شورای نگهبان را منحصر به مواردی دانست که در فرآیند تصویب اصل نسبت به آن اجمال یا اهمال وجود داشته است. لذا فقهای شورا نمی‌توانند حوزه‌های خاص یا مقید قانون اساسی را از همان جهت یا آن دسته از اطلاق و عمومی که مدنظر تدوین‌کنندگان قانون اساسی بوده را قید یا تخصیص بزنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• اصل 4 قانون اساسی
• فقهای شورای نگهبان
• نظارت شرعی
• تفسیر شرعی
• اطلاق و عموم اصول قانون اساسی

موضوعات

• حقوق عمومی

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Limits of the Competence of the Jurists of the Guardian Council in Supervising the Application of the General Principles of the Constitution

نویسنده [English]

• Mohammad Amin Abrishami Rad

Assistant Professor, Department of Public Law, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction

Article 4 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has determined the jurists of the Guardian Council as the competent authority to exercise religious supervision over the application of the general principles of the Constitution. According to this article, "All civil, criminal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic standards. This article governs [deciding] the generality or specificness of all articles of the Constitution as well as other laws and regulations, and it is up to the jurists of the Guardian Council to determine this matter."
In recent years, the jurists of the Guardian Council, in the exercise of their competence, have accordingly limited or allocated some of the articles of the Constitution by providing "direct and explicit Sharia interpretations" or "indirect and implicit Sharia interpretations".
Assuming the competence of the Guardian Council jurists to supervise the implementation of the Constitution, one of the issues that must be discussed and investigated is the limits of the Guardian Council jurists’ power in exercising this competence.
Research Question(s)
To what extent can the jurists of the Guardian Council restrict the articles of the Constitution?

Literature Review

This research topic has had no precedent thus discussing this matter is completely novel and new.

Methodology

This study tried to ask the question above by identifying the examples of this authority and analyzing them with a descriptive-analytical method.

Result

The research proved that, although the assumption of the absolute and unlimited competence of the Guardian Council's jurists to exercise Sharia supervision over the articles of the Constitution can be useful and effective in taking advantage of purposive interpretations that also consider the evolution of the legal system, this view can be criticized and unacceptable for various reasons.
One error in this view is that complete discretion might lead to a violation of the intention of the writers of the constitution; because the majority of the members of the committee in charge of the final review of the constitution were among the faqihs and were Islamic scholars, they paid attention to Sharia when drafting the articles of the Constitution. On the other hand, before the referendum was held and the people voted on it, the draft of the constitution was approved by Imam Khomeini (RA) as a faqih; therefore, the claim that the writers of the Constitution have approved matters that may be in violation of the Sharia rules and Imam Khomeini (RA) also approved them and put them to referendum is not acceptable.
On the other hand, the assumption of such absolute authority for the jurists of the Guardian Council is contrary to the necessity of maintaining stability and coherence in the Constitution as a national covenant. Prevalence of this view may cause instability in the coherence of Iran's Constitution. Also, this view will make it impossible to use the capacity to revise the Constitution, which is already set out in Article 177 of the Constitution.
Therefore, to protect the status of the Constitution in Iran’s political system, it is necessary to assume the legitimacy of the content of the Constitution, and presume that the competence of the jurists of the Guardian Council interpret the Constitution is limited to the cases which the drafters of the Constitution have overlooked or neglected in the process of approving that article. Therefore, the jurists of the Guardian Council cannot declare the specific rules of the constitution as contrary to Sharia or to limit the general articles of the Constitution.

Conclusion

Based on the mentioned rule, if there is a conflict between the Islamic approach of the drafters of the constitution and the approach of the jurists of the Guardian Council, the approach considered by the drafters of the constitution should be adhered to. Also, Sharia supervision cannot in any case modify the structure or the mechanisms defined in the constitution or introduce a new structure in contrast with the existing structure.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Article 4 of the Constitution
• Jurists of the Guardian Council
• Islamic Supervision
• Islamic Interpretation