نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

2 استاد دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه شهید بهشتی

چکیده

مهاجرت‌های محیط‌زیستی ممکن است شکل‌های پیچیده‌ای (اجباری یا اختیاری؛ موقت یا دائم؛ و داخلی یا بین‌المللی) به خود بگیرند. دسته‌بندی مهاجرین بر مبنای انگیزه‌های آنان، و جداکردن عوامل محیط‌زیستی از عوامل اقتصادی-اجتماعی، نه امکان‌پذیر است و نه فایده‌ای حاصل می‌کند. لذا رژیم حمایت از مهاجرین محیط‌زیستی، در وهله‌ی نخست باید بر مبنای آسیب‌پذیری و نیاز‌های مهاجرین طراحی شود. در حال حاضر هیچ سند الزام‌آور بین‌المللی که اختصاصاً به جابجایی‌های محیط‌زیستی بپردازد، وجود ندارد. برخی پیشنهاد کرده‌اند که کنوانسیون 1951 در خصوص وضعیت پناهندگان، به این منظور توسعه یابد. گروهی نیز تهیه‌ی یک کنوانسیون جدید برای حمایت از آوارگان محیط‌زیستی را مدنظر قرار داده‌اند. مقاله‌ی حاضر استدلال نموده که تهیه‌ی کنوانسیون جدید برای این منظور، در وضعیت سیاسی فعلی که دولت‌ها عمدتاً در پی محدود کردن تعهدات خود در قبال پناهندگان و آوارگان هستند، توفیقی حاصل نمی‌کند. بازنگری و اصلاح کنوانسیون 1951 نیز می‌تواند باب مذاکره‌ی مجدد را درباره‌ی حقوق و تکالیف دولت‌ها در قبال پناهندگان گشوده، و کل رژیم موجود را تهدید نماید. پیشنهاد شده که تقویت تعهد دولت‌ها به اجرای حقوق بشر در وضعیت‌های اضطراری، با عنایت به دکترین «مسؤولیت حمایت»، می‌تواند خلأ موجود را تا حد قابل‌قبولی جبران نماید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Environmentally-Displaced Persons in International Law: Conceptual Ambiguity and the Need for a Legal Framework

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sassan Modarress Sabzevary 1
  • Seyed Mohammad G. Seyed Fatemi 2

1 Shahid Beheshti University

چکیده [English]

Environmental displacement might come in variety of forms (forced or voluntary; permanent or temporary; and internal or international). Not only is it impossible, but also irrelevant, to categorize displaced persons based on their motives, and separate environmental factors from economic incentives. So, the protection of environmentally displaced persons should be based on their needs and vulnerabilities, rather than their incentives and displacement driving factors. There exists currently no comprehensive internationally-binding instrument to deal with environmental displacement. Some, have suggested, for this purpose, the extension of 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees. Others have advocated drafting a new convention. We argue that a new convention will not succeed to collect the necessary will and support in the current political arena, where States, more often than not, try to limit their established obligations towards migrants and refugees. On the other hand, any effort to extend the 1951 Convention might endanger the whole refugee protection regime. We suggest that promotion of States obligations to respect and protect human rights in urgent situations, with due consideration of responsibility to protect (R2P) developments, could fill-in the protection gap as currently exists vis-a-vis the environmentally displaced populations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Environmental displacement
  • climate-change
  • refugees
  • IDPs
  • Responsibility to Protect
الف- فارسی
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