ali hasankhani; Jamal Seifi
Abstract
In the absence of a fully organized super-State in the field of international relations, it is recognized that the injured State may take countermeasures in response to a breach of an international obligation. However, the scope and the circumstances of resort to countermeasures are not unlimited, especially ...
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In the absence of a fully organized super-State in the field of international relations, it is recognized that the injured State may take countermeasures in response to a breach of an international obligation. However, the scope and the circumstances of resort to countermeasures are not unlimited, especially when dealing with States which have violated their human-rights obligations. Human-rights obligations enjoy particular characteristics and are different from other obligations in certain respects among which are the object and purpose of the human-rights obligations. They are intended to facilitate the enjoyment of human-rights and freedoms by the human beings rather than the regulation of reciprocal inter-state relations. For these reasons, resort to countermeasures in the event of breach of human-rights obligations is either prohibited or it should be made in a manner which does not impair the full application and enforcement of the human-rights obligations.
Iman Montazeri; Mohammad Hossein Ramezani Ghavam Abadi
Abstract
One of the significant features of NIAC (non-international armed conflict) is the establishment of a court by armed groups. Though states consider the establishment of a court as a sovereign privilege that belongs only to the states, armed groups consider the establishment of a court as a means to maintain ...
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One of the significant features of NIAC (non-international armed conflict) is the establishment of a court by armed groups. Though states consider the establishment of a court as a sovereign privilege that belongs only to the states, armed groups consider the establishment of a court as a means to maintain the law and order among its members and to create order and security in the area under their control. International community considers the establishment of a court by armed groups as an alternative for summary execution. While it seems that humanitarian law that apply to internal conflict gives the permission to armed groups to prosecute its own members and civilians, the legal basis for the establishment of the courts by armed groups in these conflicts is ambiguous. Regardless of the vagueness of the legal basis for establishing a court by armed groups in armed conflicts, the main criticism brought to these courts is that these courts do not have the ability to provide fair trial guarantees in their trials. In this paper, we are examining the legal basis for the establishment of a court by armed groups, the fair trial guarantees and the most recent judicial precedent in this regard.
Hassan Savari; Mohammad Saleh Attar
Volume 16, Issue 44 , February 2015, , Pages 35-71
Abstract
The UN charter as the foremost instrument in giving birth to International contemporary order- has laid the foundation of a new regime which is deemed by many as a revolution against Westphalia order of International law. This profound evolution is chiefly based on introduction of sociological premises ...
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The UN charter as the foremost instrument in giving birth to International contemporary order- has laid the foundation of a new regime which is deemed by many as a revolution against Westphalia order of International law. This profound evolution is chiefly based on introduction of sociological premises as the main guide line in framing the International order. Learning lessons from its short lived inchoate predecessor – The Covenant of the League of Nations 1919 – the new regime along with structural concepts, resorts to globalized normative sociological norms in its attempt to frame the new order. In realization of its set targets however, the system suffers a quite number of deficiencies; that is there exist norms and structures in the system that may adversely affect its desired goals. Nonetheless, the introduction of the new order under the auspices of the principles and the perspectives are set forth in the charter requires appropriate legal mechanisms in order to open door to realization of legal universalism era – a step forward towards further development of reciprocal order - a target desired while formulation of the charter was underway. Emerging of new International commitments serve as prominent legal tools to regulate and arrange the new order. Such rights and duties, which take various forms and consequence, are governed by corresponding legal regimes. These regimes, which have roots in their predecessors and any future generation of regime will be emerged, shall evolve based on the needs, requirements and developments that may arise time to time. This paper aims at studying International obligations and their corresponding legal regimes with regards to their existing status in International interactions.
Majid Banaei Oskooei
Abstract
By virtue of the authorities prescribed by various laws and regulations including the “Law of University Board of the Trustees Formation” , The “Law of Goals and the Authorities of Ministry of Science and Technology” and article 20-B of Iran’s Fourth Development Law , universities ...
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By virtue of the authorities prescribed by various laws and regulations including the “Law of University Board of the Trustees Formation” , The “Law of Goals and the Authorities of Ministry of Science and Technology” and article 20-B of Iran’s Fourth Development Law , universities are not bound to general obligations provided for state organizations / elements including particularly those in the law of Public Accounting, Civil Service Management Law, the Law of Bidding and Tenders and rather only bound to bylaws drafted by their board of trustees who may legislate in a wide variety of affairs including employment, administrative and financial policies. The question here is where do these regulations stand in the pyramid of legality? What is it the enforcers of law should do where these resolutions may contradict the constitution, laws passed by congress, statutory resolutions of the High Council of Cultural Revolution or the decisions of the cabinet?! Whether the authority and enforceability of such resolutions are only limited to universities or may also extend to other executive governmental bodies as well?! . Given the lack of relevant precedent in regards with exercising the extravagant authorities granted to the boards of trustees by the said laws and regulations, it is of grave importance to tackle on the subject and study its surroundings. This thesis is aimed at studying and investigating the validity, legal position and the scope to which these resolutions are enforceable.
Aramesh Shahbazi; Khadijeh Javadi Sharif
Volume 15, Issue 39 , July 2013, , Pages 35-60
Abstract
Since the end of the cold war, the International Community has become
increasingly preoccupied with a phenomenon giving rise to a wide range of
humanitarian, legal and security strains generally known as ‘State failure’.
Recent examples of it are the situation of state institutions in ...
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Since the end of the cold war, the International Community has become
increasingly preoccupied with a phenomenon giving rise to a wide range of
humanitarian, legal and security strains generally known as ‘State failure’.
Recent examples of it are the situation of state institutions in Somalia , the
disintegration of the former Yugoslavia, the crises in Rwanda, Haiti,
Liberia, Congo, Sierra Leone and finally Afghanistan. While some argue
that the challenges ahead of the process of reconstructing the weak failed
States ,in a liberal democratic fashion, is rather cultural than a mere
technical issue, the main question with regards to its broad definition
remains as to how under International law may we recognize a state as
weak or “Failed State”. In this article, after reviewing certain features of a
state failure, we will chronologically analyze the different aspect of the
failed states in both doctrinal views and states practice in contemporary
international law.
Gholam Nabi Feyzi Chekab; Naeem Noorbakhsh
Abstract
Bilateral tax treaties in the world are significantly spreading as a tool for
waiver of double taxation, which is an obstacle in the way of expansion of
international trade. In the text of the such treaties, the concept of "permanent
establishment" is predicted, which means a fixed place for doing ...
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Bilateral tax treaties in the world are significantly spreading as a tool for
waiver of double taxation, which is an obstacle in the way of expansion of
international trade. In the text of the such treaties, the concept of "permanent
establishment" is predicted, which means a fixed place for doing business by the
companies residing in Contracting States in order to clarify tax liability of
entrepreneurs in both countries. Determination of the question of tax residence
has critical importance for recognizing tax liability of a tax payer and in
bilateral tax treaties, having a permanent establishment means residency and
tax liability in relation to the profit attributable to this unit. However, it has been
seen that transnational companies attempt to take fraudulently measures
through bilateral tax treaties to reduce their tax liability by abusing the concept
of permanent establishment. Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development has introduced and published solutions and amendments to deal
with transnational corporations’ tax avoidance and tax evasion strategies the
application of which in Iran’s tax law system will be useful to determine the
competent tax jurisdiction and encountering ‘treaty shopping’ by transnational
corporations.
Mehdi Zahedi; Mohammad Hossein Erfan Manesh; Mahmoud Abasi
Abstract
Undoubtedly, one of the most significant changes in the patent system is the recent EU Member States’ agreement on signing and approving the regulations concerning new unitary patent system. On the basis of this agreement, after the grant of patents by European Patent Office, there would be no ...
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Undoubtedly, one of the most significant changes in the patent system is the recent EU Member States’ agreement on signing and approving the regulations concerning new unitary patent system. On the basis of this agreement, after the grant of patents by European Patent Office, there would be no need for patentees to validate their patents for which unitary effect has been requested in the territory of participating EU Member States. This agreement also includes the creation of Unified Patent Court with exclusive jurisdiction over unitary patents and European patents throughout member States. Due to the importance of this agreement, the identification and clarification of its legal and economic impacts on the policies of the industries and companies in regard to research, innovations and commercialization of patented inventions is deemed to be imperative. This Article tries to study the details of this agreement and analyses legal consequences of the establishment of the new patent system in Europe.
Homayoun Mafi; Faraz Shahlaei
Abstract
Considering the successful experience of national sport arbitration centers in resolving the sport related disputes specifically with regard to huge amounts of money in sports disputes, makes it almost necessary to create a national forum to solve the sport related disputes based on national customs ...
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Considering the successful experience of national sport arbitration centers in resolving the sport related disputes specifically with regard to huge amounts of money in sports disputes, makes it almost necessary to create a national forum to solve the sport related disputes based on national customs and rules. In doing so one should consider carefully all legal aspects, bearing in mind previous international and national efforts, in order to develop the best model for a national sport arbitration center. In this research the legal challenges against the Court of Arbitration for Sports and the patterns resulted from these challenges which should carefully be considered in creating a national forum for resolving sport disputes, would be discussed. Thus after studying the position of sport arbitrations in today’s world and in national levels, the necessity for existence and also the fundamental principles that can undermine the credibility of such entities would be examined.
shirin sharifzadeh
Abstract
A “compilation” is a work formed by the collection and assembling of pre-existing materials or of data that are selected, coordinated or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship, such as periodical issue, anthology, encyclopedia, ...
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A “compilation” is a work formed by the collection and assembling of pre-existing materials or of data that are selected, coordinated or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship, such as periodical issue, anthology, encyclopedia, telephone directory, etc. Since the prerequisite for protection of copyright works is originality, this question arises whether these works are original and may also be copyrightable. The meaning of originality is not defined in the majority of national copyright legislations. Instead, the interpretation of what is to be original has been left mainly to the courts. Courts have different opinions regarding the definition of originality and its conditions. However, the Supreme Court of United States in the Feist case put an end to this division. This article attempts to study the notion of originality of compilations works by analyzing the Feist case in order to answer whether compilation works have any originality and if the answer is yes, what is its scope.
Seyed Nasrollah Ebrahimi; Mehrzad Tajik
Volume 15, Issue 40 , September 2013, , Pages 37-68
Abstract
Given the substantial role of oil and gas industry, particularly thecontribution of upstream development projects in Iran economy ,the needfor attracting and promoting foreign investments on its upstream projectsbesides insuring adequate protection of the capital flowed speciallythrough Buy-Back formula, ...
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Given the substantial role of oil and gas industry, particularly thecontribution of upstream development projects in Iran economy ,the needfor attracting and promoting foreign investments on its upstream projectsbesides insuring adequate protection of the capital flowed speciallythrough Buy-Back formula, is indisputably vital . On that account, thearticle attempts to outline the relevant prevailing rules and regulations inorder to assess Iran’s legal position in promoting and protecting foreigninvestments attracted in upstream sector of its oil and gas industry. TheArticle strives to mark and analyze such rules and regulations andattempts to shed light on the legal system governing this highly strategicindustry. In doing so, it will duly examine the upstream Exploration andDevelopment Service Contract (“Buy-Back”), with particular emphasison to the rules and regulations applicable to Iran’s Third Generation ofthe Buy-Back contract, Fifth Five Year Development Plan of the country(2011) as well as the reformed Petroleum Act of2011
Shahab Jafari Nedoushan; Mohammad Hassan Sadeghi Moghadam
Abstract
Fork in the road clauses and waiver clauses in investment treaties are supposed to minimize the number of parallel proceedings in foreign investment disputes. While, Fork in the road clauses preclude investors from further litigation or arbitration once the first dispute settlement mechanism is triggered, ...
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Fork in the road clauses and waiver clauses in investment treaties are supposed to minimize the number of parallel proceedings in foreign investment disputes. While, Fork in the road clauses preclude investors from further litigation or arbitration once the first dispute settlement mechanism is triggered, in waiver clauses, domestic litigation can be followed by treaty arbitration regarding the same dispute. In waiver clause, the foreign investor may recourse to treaty arbitration only if they waive their rights to adjudicate their claim before national and international litigation and arbitration (contract based or treaty based claims). It can be seen that in the application of the waiver clauses in some of the leading cases, grounds for distinguishing between treaty violation from contract violation in the function of waiver clause is not predicted; this approach is desirable. When it comes to the application of the fork in the road clause, investment arbitration precedent shows that identical cause of action is prerequisite for its function. This interpretation severely curtails the function of the fork in the road clause and is criticized in present article
Mehdi Rezaei; Rooholla Alidadzadeh
Abstract
One of the manifestations of rule of law is constitutionalism that entered into legal-political arena in the 18th century. Henceforth, many countries have considered the Constitution as the main manifestation of constitutionalism. Accordingly, Algeria and Iran had their own Constitution in 1963 and 1906 ...
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One of the manifestations of rule of law is constitutionalism that entered into legal-political arena in the 18th century. Henceforth, many countries have considered the Constitution as the main manifestation of constitutionalism. Accordingly, Algeria and Iran had their own Constitution in 1963 and 1906 respectively for the first time. Their Constitutions needed support from a superior independent institution. The first Algerian Constitution appointed constitutional council as centralized and expert institution to take charge of basic hearing. However, the first Iranian Constitution embraced sharia hearing institution and basic hearing was not in Iranian Constitution until 1979. In general, the nature at basic hearing divided into political and legal parts. The structure of this research is based on the aforementioned classification. The main object of the research is to demonstrate the nature of basic hearing in Algeria and Iran by using documentary method to analyze and to explain the nature of institution that supervises the execution of the Constitution. The results show the multi–dimensional nature of these two institutions.
Reza Eslami; fatemeh Mortazavi fard
Volume 16, Issue 46 , September 2015, , Pages 39-79
Abstract
This article first refers to the importance of the freedom from fear as a forgotten freedom, and analyzes the political fear and its negative impact on the citizens’ behavior in the society as well as the violation of human rights and freedoms. The article also provides the historical discourse ...
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This article first refers to the importance of the freedom from fear as a forgotten freedom, and analyzes the political fear and its negative impact on the citizens’ behavior in the society as well as the violation of human rights and freedoms. The article also provides the historical discourse on this freedom in renaissance era, and also reviews the elements required in achieving freedom from fear and its close relation to human security. The article then studies the threats to freedom of fear including classical threats such as arbitrary detention, torture, and forced disappearance as well as the new ones like terrorism, organized crimes, and domestic violence, and then examines the impact of these threats on freedom from fear. The article concludes that the basic human rights and fundamental freedoms cannot be achieved in any society without providing freedom from fear in its true sense and comprehensive meaning
Hossein Sartipi; Ahmadreza Bordbar; Mohammad Mosuzadeh
Volume 14, Issue 38 , March 2013, , Pages 39-76
Abstract
The “Targeted Killing” can be seen in various formsover the course of past
history. It plans to explain the concept of "Targeted Killing under
international law" as follows:First, it provides a legal and desirable definition of
the concept;Second, it examines various legal frameworks and ...
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The “Targeted Killing” can be seen in various formsover the course of past
history. It plans to explain the concept of "Targeted Killing under
international law" as follows:First, it provides a legal and desirable definition of
the concept;Second, it examines various legal frameworks and models
governing The Targeted Killing(The Model of domestic law;The Modelof
human rights law; The Model ofJus Ad Bellum and The Model of Jus In
Bellum);Third, it studies Targeted Killing under international humanitarian
law and its rules and principles (The principles of separation,
Proportionality, etc.) as a detailed and deep form;Finally the fourth, it
provides the legitimacy of Targeted Killing and its conditions under current
international law.
Abstract
Today, International Organizations play an important and effective role in implementing the decisions of the United Nations Security Council. In this way, the conflict between the constituent instrument of International Organizations and The Security Council Resolutions may arise. There are two approaches ...
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Today, International Organizations play an important and effective role in implementing the decisions of the United Nations Security Council. In this way, the conflict between the constituent instrument of International Organizations and The Security Council Resolutions may arise. There are two approaches in this field. 1- The European Union approach, according to it The Internal law of International Organizations has priority on The United Nations Security Council Resolutions. 2- Priority of the Security Council Resolutions according to the article 103 of the Charter of United Nations. The authority, who wants to construe the priority, has an important role in applying one of the two approaches. The European Court of Justice has choosed the first approach in order to maintain its fundamental values against the Security Council resolutions that are in contrast with them and the United Nations practice shows the priority of the latter approach, according to it the Security Council resolutions are the integral part of the Charter's obligations.
Homayoun Habibi; Hajar Raee Dehaghi
Abstract
Today, climate change has become concern of the international community, and there has been considerable solidarity to confront it. However, the Climate Change Convention, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have failed to prevent climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and countries ...
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Today, climate change has become concern of the international community, and there has been considerable solidarity to confront it. However, the Climate Change Convention, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have failed to prevent climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and countries have shown no serious will to achieve climate change targets. On the other hand, increasing greenhouse gas emissions have seriously damaged the environment of the oceans, which naturally absorb these gases. This justifies Review of the obligations of the CO2 states in terms of the Convention on the of Law the Sea. This paper, by interpreting of Article 1(4) of Convention, concludes that greenhouse gas emissions are subject to the definition of marine environmental pollution and consequently states parties to the Convention have numerous obligations under the XII part of the Convention to protect the marine environment against greenhouse gas emissions. The provisions of Part XIII of the Convention are also a way of proving these obligations. Also, by proving that many of the environmental obligations in the Convention have been or have become customary, one can speak of the responsibility and commitment of non-member states to reduce and even compensate the affected coastal states.
Sajad Afshar
Abstract
Because of linguistic ambiguity, silence, contradiction of contents and executive or moral issues, the interpretation of legal texts becomes inevitable. Traditionally, statutory and constitutional theories of interpreting are appeared in two forms: writer- based and interpreter- based. Despite their ...
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Because of linguistic ambiguity, silence, contradiction of contents and executive or moral issues, the interpretation of legal texts becomes inevitable. Traditionally, statutory and constitutional theories of interpreting are appeared in two forms: writer- based and interpreter- based. Despite their advantages, these approaches suffer from problems preventing them to be the exclusive theory of legal interpretation in Iran.
On the other hand, the third approach – Textualism- can be considered as the most complete theory in interpreting the Constitution and statutes. Textualism considers legal systems as self- complete entity, and is compatible with the results of linguistic analysis of law. This approach seeks to find the answer of legal questions from legal texts, not meta- legal standards. Textualist reading of Principle 73 of I.R.I.’s Constitution and Guardian Councils’ interpretation implies that interpreters are allowed to have their own interpretation of legal texts which are valid, until the modification of the law or rendering a formal interpretation.
Ali Reza Jalali; Mohammad Abouata
Abstract
The spread of Coronavirus in Italy has created the conditions for the government to declare the State of emergency. It has given the opportunity to manage the crisis, but has also limited people's fundamental rights. In this research, through the deductive-descriptive method, we will try to answer this ...
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The spread of Coronavirus in Italy has created the conditions for the government to declare the State of emergency. It has given the opportunity to manage the crisis, but has also limited people's fundamental rights. In this research, through the deductive-descriptive method, we will try to answer this main question: the actions of the Italian government to counter Coronavirus until what point are compatible with the fundamental rights present in the Constitution? After describing the concept of State of emergency, the government's decisions and the challenges about restriction of fundamental rights, we conclude that the government's actions have had a very negative impact on fundamental rights and freedoms. Not only these emergency decisions have had a very negative impact on people's rights in a democratic system, but the lack of parliamentary oversight about the actions of the Executive makes it reasonable to take a critical look at the actions of the Italian government.
mehdi rezaei; hamed babazadeh moghadam
Volume 15, Issue 42 , January 2015, , Pages 43-82
Abstract
AbstractNowadays, internet has a pivotal role in supporting the right for freedom ofexpression; by removing the restrictions of publication, search, and access toinformation, it has prepared the ground for the application of this fundamentalright. This new communication tool, like all other social topics, ...
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AbstractNowadays, internet has a pivotal role in supporting the right for freedom ofexpression; by removing the restrictions of publication, search, and access toinformation, it has prepared the ground for the application of this fundamentalright. This new communication tool, like all other social topics, requireorganization through development of enforceable rules and regulations.Undoubtedly, to become effective process, it requires a true knowledge of thespecific characteristics of this media and new communication tools within thecontext of the society. In this essay– considering the current state of the internetand the possible changes that may occur in the short-term and regional andinternational experiences (UNESCO and European Council) – we attempted toidentify and introduce some principles for the codification of internet laws andregulations. It seems that these principles must be regarded in policy making.
mansor jabari
Volume 11, Issue 26 , April 2009, , Pages 43-62
ebrahim barzegar
Volume 4, Issue 6 , February 2002, , Pages 43-79
RAHIM NOBAHAR
Abstract
This article sheds light on the origins of the Rule of saving the system (hifdh al-nidhām) in both theology and jurisprudence. The article insists the broader sense of the Rule and its close relationship with social order. While mentioning some examples of the Rule in juristic issues, the article explains ...
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This article sheds light on the origins of the Rule of saving the system (hifdh al-nidhām) in both theology and jurisprudence. The article insists the broader sense of the Rule and its close relationship with social order. While mentioning some examples of the Rule in juristic issues, the article explains the importance of a transcendental and virtue-based discipline as it is conceived in the Rule. Also the article clarifies the connection of the Rule with saving the government. According to the article, the implication of the Rule in Islamic jurisprudence is more connected with protection of social order in its broad sense. Although the Rule relates to saving and protecting a good government as a necessary element of the society, it is more protecting the disciplines and systems made by human being. The insistence of the rule on social order is not limited to Islamic society and/or saving an Islamic government. Therefore, every human discipline as far as it helps the survival of human being and the quality of its life should be respected. The article also points out the ideal concept of the discipline and the potentials of the Rule for making a better social order.
elnaz nesari
Abstract
Nowadays, issues non-related to investment have been entered in foreign investment law. Investment may bring about human rights and environmental challenges. Sustainable Investment emphasizes on the necessity of observing environmental and social standards in foreign investment process. While international ...
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Nowadays, issues non-related to investment have been entered in foreign investment law. Investment may bring about human rights and environmental challenges. Sustainable Investment emphasizes on the necessity of observing environmental and social standards in foreign investment process. While international instruments which are related to foreign investment do not contain legal necessity on foreign investment to conform with sustainability paradigm, foreign investment insurer organs –especially MIGA- provide that the continuance in supporting the project is subject to environmental and social considerations. It is mentioned through MIGA’s Policy on Environmental and Social Sustainability that the agency is obliged to consider environmental issues before deciding to guarantee the project. Importance of protecting the environment is also emphasized by classifying the activities according to environmental and social basis. Emphasis on foreign investment sustainability which is indicated in MIGA’s instruments, regulations and practice encourages investors to conform investment projects to environmental regulations.
MOHAMAD BAGHER KHORAMSHAD; PARVANEH AZIZI
Volume 10, Issue 24 , August 2008, , Pages 45-84
MOHAMMAD pasban; malihe behfar
Volume 13, Issue 34 , September 2011, , Pages 45-70
