Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Associate Professor, Public International Law, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Creation of Marine Protected Areas on the High Seas is one of the United Nations goals in new executive agreement that its dimensions are subject of this study. Main question is that the UN's ahead Challenges in the creation and management of Marine Protected Areas on the High Seas? Findings of this study indicate that the achievement of this goal requires the prediction of effective enforcement mechanisms and the obligation of all governments and the International Maritime Organization, Regional Fisheries Management Organizations and the International Seabed Authority to identify, implement and adhere to constraints governing of Marine Protected Areas on the High Seas. However, the requirement and coordination between different parts of the law of the seas faces challenges that are rooted in dispersed, different, and inconsistent mechanisms. Establishing a consensus and balance between ahead capacities and covering it in High Seas requires a present missing’ serious will and consensus.
Keywords
- جعفری، فیض‌الله و مهرناز مختاری، «شرایط اعمال تحدید مسئولیت صاحبان کشتی دریاپیما (بررسی کنوانسیون بین‌المللی تحدید مسئولیت برای دعاوی دریایی 1976)»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، دوره 33، شماره 55، (1395).
- شهبازی، آرامش و پویا برلیان، «نقش زیست‌فناوری در توسعه حقوق بین‌الملل محیط زیست»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 48، شماره 1، (1397).
- صالحی، جواد، «اعمال صلاحیت در حقوق بین‌الملل دریاها در تقابل میان اصل آزادی دریانوردی و حق حفاظت از تاسیسات فراساحلی»، فصلنامه اقیانوس‌شناسی، دوره 8، شماره 32، (1396).
- صالحی، جواد، «مسئولیت جبران خسارت به محیط زیست منطقه اعماق دریاها در حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی و رویکرد متناقض شعبه حل‌اختلاف بستر دریاها»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 49، شماره 1، (1398).
- صالحی، جواد، «رویکرد کنوانسیون حقوق دریاها نسبت به مدیریت و بهره‌برداری منابع ژنتیک دریاهای آزاد و تسهیم منافع آن»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوقی، دوره 12، شماره 1، (1399).
- صیرفی، ساسان، فضل‌الله موسوی و کوثر فیروزپور، «حفاظت از تنوع زیستی دریایی در مناطق خارج از حوزه صلاحیت ملی»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 50، شماره 3، (1399).
ب- انگلیسی
Books
- Gjerde, Kristina, “High Seas Fisheries Governance: Prospects and Challenges”, in; Davor Vidas and Peter Johan Schei (eds.), The World Ocean in Globalisation: Challenges and Responses, (Nederland: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011).
- Rayfuse, Rosemary, “Moving Beyond the Tragedy of the Global Commons: The Grotian Legacy and the future of Sustainable Management of the Biodiversity of the High Seas”, in David Leary and Balakrishna Pisupati (eds.), The Future of International Environmental Law, (Japan: United Nations University Press, 2010).
- Tladi, Dire, “Oceans Governance: A Regulatory Framework”, in; Pierre Jacquet, Rajendra K. Pachauri and Laurence Tubiana (eds.), Oceans: The New Frontier, (India: The Energy and Resources Institute, 2011).
Articles
- Ardron, Jeff, Rosemary Rayfuse, Kristina Gjerde and Robin Warner, “The Sustainable Use and Conservation of Biodiversity in ABNJ: What Can Be Achieved Using Existing International Agreements?”, Journal of Marine Policy, Vol. 49, (2014).
- Ban, C. Natalie and et al., “Systematic Conservation Planning: A Better Recipe for Managing the High Seas for Biological Diversity Conservation and Sustainable Use”, Journal of Conservation Letters, Vol. 7, (2013).
- Blasiak, Robert, Jeremy Pittman, Nobuyuki Yagi and Hiroaki Sugino, “Negotiating the Use of Biodiversity in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction”, Journal of Frontiers in Marine Sciience, Vol. 3, (2016).
- Drankier, Petra, “Marine Protected Areas in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction”, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol. 27, (2012).
- Gjerde, Kristina and Anna R. Domino, “Marine Protected Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Some Practical Perspectives for Moving Ahead”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Vol. 27, (2012).
- Gjerde, Kristina and et al., “Protecting Earth’s Last Conservation Frontier: Scientific, Management and Legal Priorities for MPAs beyond National Boundaries”, Journal of Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Vol. 26, (2016).
- Molenaar, J. Erik and Alex G. Oude Elferink, “Marine Protected Areas in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction-the Pioneering Efforts under the OSPAR Convention”, Journal of Utrecht Law Review, Vol. 5, (2009).
- Pegram, H. Kevin and Martin D. Robards, “Relevance of a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area to the Bering Strait Region: A Policy Analysis Using Resilience-Based Governance Principles”, Journal of Ecology and Society, Vol. 20, (2015).
- Scovazzi, Tullio, “Negotiating Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Prospects and Challenges”, Journal of Italian Yearbook of International Law Online, Vol. 24, (2015).
- Wright, Glen, Jeff Ardron, Kristina Gjerde and Julien Rochette, “Advancing Marine Biodiversity Protection through Regional Fisheries Management: A Review of High Seas Bottom Fisheries Closures”, IDDRI Working Paper, No. 14/14, Paris, (2014).
Documents and Laws
- General Assembly of the United Nations, (2015), Development of an International Legally Binding Instrument Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, GA Res 69/922, 69th Session, A/RES/69/922.
- International Maritime Organization, (2005) Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas, A.982 (24).
- International Seabed Authority, (2013), Decision of the Council of the International Seabed Authority Relating to Amendments to the Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area and Related Matters, ISBA/19/C/17.
- United Nations, (1994), Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982.
- United Nations, (1995), Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.
- United Nations, (2006), Sustainable Fisheries, Including Through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks and Related Instruments, Resolution A/RES/61/105.
)