Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Determination of applicable law on International Multimodal Transport
Contracts for Goods is one of high significance issues in legal studies. Existing
conventions on transportation are only applicable to a specific transportation.
They are not applicable to multimodal transportation. Since there is not a
worldwide international convention regarding multimodal transport contracts
for goods, it is not easy to determine the applicable law to a given case.
This article deals with the applicable law and the method of its determination
in regard to disputes arising from multimodal transportation. It also deals with
the scope of applicable rules of multimodal transportation.

Keywords


- شهیدی، مهدی، ) ،(1385برخورد مقررات قانون مدنی و تجارت در مورد قرارداد حمل و
نقل، چاپ نخست، مجموعه مقالات حقوقی، تهران، مجد.
- شهیدی، مهدی، ) ،(1387مجموعه مقالات حقوقی، چاپ دوم، تهران، مجد.
- صمدی اهری، محمدهاشم، ) ،(1373مسئولیت مدنی متصدی حمل و نقل دریایی، تهـران، روزنامه رسمی.
- عرفانی، توفیق، ) ،(1385مسئولیت مدنی حمل و نقـل زمینـی »جـاده- ریـل«، تهـران، آثـار اندیشه.
- میرمحمدصادقی، محسن، ) ،(1391کنوانسیون سـازمان ملـل متحـد در مـورد قراردادهـای
حمل بینالمللی کلی یا جزئی کالا از طریق دریا، کمیته ایرانی اتاق بازرگانی بـینالمللی،تهـران، جنگل.
- اخلاقی، بهروز، )» ،(1371بحثی پیرامون ماهیت حقوقی قراردادها حمل و نقـل از دیـدگاه حقوق تجارت«، مجله کانون وکلا، تهران، کانون وکلای دادگستری مرکز، شماره 156و .157
- اخلاقـی، بهـروز، )» ،(1372بحثـی پیرامـون ماهیـت حقـوقی قراردادهـای حمـل و نقـل از دیدگاه حقوق مدنی«، نشریه دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دوره .29
- سـادات حسـینی، سیدحسـین، )» ،(1384بررسـی مبنـای مسـئولیت متصـدی حمـل و نقـل جادهای کالا در کنوانسیون قرارداد حمل و نقل بینالمللی کالا از طریق جاده )کنوانسـیون سـی.
ام. آر.( و مقایسه آن با حقوق ایران و انگلیس«، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره .42
- سعیدی پور، محمدعلی، )» ،(1391حملونقـل چنـدوجهی، مزایـا، روشهـا و چـالشهـا«، همایش حملونقل چندوجهی در تجارت ملی و بینالمللی، تهران.
- شریعتباقری، محمدجواد، )» ،(1391حاکمیت اراده بر قراردادهای بینالمللی خصوصی«، فصلنامه دیدگاههای حقوق قضایی، دوره ،17شماره .58
- فخاری، امیرحسین، )» ،(1388سخنی درباره رأیی که در زمینۀ مسـئولیت متصـدی حمـل و نقل دریایی صادر شده است«، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، تهـران، دانشـکده حقـوق دانشـگاه شـهید
بهشتی، بهار و تابستان، شماره .49
قانون حاکم بر قراردادهای حملونقل چندوجهی بینالمللی کالا 187
- محبی، مهرآسا )» ،(1392بررسی تطبیقی مسئولیت متصدی حمل و نقـل در قبـال خسـارت به کالا در کنوانسیون هامبورگ و روتردام«، مجله پژوهشهای حقوقی، دو فصلنامه، شماره .24
- محسنی، سعید و قبولی درافشان، سـید محمدمهـدی، )» ،(1391شـرایط اعمـال کنوانسـیون
قــرارداد حمــل و نقــل بــینالمللــی کــالا از طریــق جــاده ) ،«(CMRفصــلنامه علمــی- پژوهشــی دیدگاههای حقوق قضایی.
- نقی زاده باقی، پیام، )» ،(1390ماهیت حقوقی قراراد حمل و نقل و مسئولیت متصـدی آن«،
تعالی حقوق، سال چهارم، مهر، آبان، آذر و دی، شمارههای 13و .12 - یزدانیان، علیرضا، )» ،(1390مبانی مسـئولیت مـدنی متصـدی در قراردادهـای حمـل و نقـل
کالا در حقوق ایران و فرانسه«، مجله حقوقی دادگستری، بهار، سال / 75شماره .73
- یوسفینژاد، حمیدرضا، ) ،(1387بررسی مسئولیت عامـل حمـل و نقـل مرکـب بـینالمللـی
کالا با تاکید بر کنوانسیون ژنو ،1980پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشـد تجـارت بـینالملـل، دانشـکده  حقوق، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
- Clarke, M.A, (2003), International Carriage of Goods by Road: CMR , London: LLP.
- Clarke, Malcolm and Yates, David, (2004), Contracts of Carriage by Land and Air, London: LLP. Day, D. M. and Griffin, Bernardette, (1993), the Law of International Trade, Second Edition, Butterworths, London.
- Glass, D.A, (2004), Freight Forwarding and Multimodal Transport , London: LLP.
- Hoeks, Maria Anna Ida Henriëtte, (2009), Multimodal Transport Law (The law Applicable to the Multimodal Contract for the Carriage of Goods , Breda,
The Netherlands.
- Hoeks, Marien, (2010), Multimodal Transport Law, Wolters Kluwer.
- Kindred, H. M.and Brooks, M. R, (1997), Multimodal Transport Rules, Den Haag: Kluwer Law International.
- Loewe, R, (1975), Commentary on the CMR, UN ECE/TRANS/14, Geneva, Available at: www.unece.org
Rodière R. (ed.)(1977) Le contrat de transport de marchandises terrestre et aérien, Paris : Editions A. Pedone.
- Schoenbaum, Thomas J, (2007), Admiralty and Maritime Law, Vol.1, 4th ed.
- Tetley, William, (2008), Marine Cargo Claims , 4th ed., Vol. 2. 188فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، سال شانزدهم، شماره ،46بهار 94
- Wilson, John F, (2008), Carriage of Goods by Sea, 6th ed.
- Berlingieri, Francesco, (2009), “Multimodal Aspect of The Rotterdam Rules”, Paper Presented at the Colloquium of the Rotterdam Rules 2009 held on September 21,2009, Papers- colloquim, http://www.rotterdamrules2009.com/cms index.php?
page=text-speakers-rotterdam-rules-2009 (visited 19, Sep., 2014).
- Cheng, B, (2004), “A New Era in the Law of International Carriage by Air:
From Warsaw (1929) to Montreal (1999)”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly.
- Donovan, A, (2000), “Intermodal Transportation in Historical Perspective”,
Transport Law Journal, Vol. 27.
- Faghfouri, Mahin, (2006), “International Regulation of Liability for
Multimodal Transport,” 5 WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 1.
- Gillespie, C, (2004), “Multimodal Transport: Electronic Contract of
Carriage and Transport Document”, speech at the 5Th Symposium of Lawyers,
Members of the IRU Legal Assistance Network in Lisbon, www.iru.org
- Haak, Karijin, (2009), “Carriage Preceding or Subsequent to Sea Carriage under The Rotterdam Rules”, Paper Presented at the Conference the Rotterdam
Rules Appraised” on September 24-25, at the Erasmus University, Rotterdam,
the Netherlands.
- Hancock, Christopher, (2008), “Multimodal Transport and the New UN
Convention on the Carriage of Goods”, 14 Journal of International Maritime Law.
- Hill, D.J, (1975), “The Infrastructure of Combined Transport”, ETL.
- Hoeks, M.A.I.H, (2008), “Multimodal Carriage with a Pinch of Sea Salt:
Door to Door under the UNCITRAL Draft Instrument”, ETL.
- Nasseri, K., (1988), “The Multimodal Convention”, Journal of Maritime
Law and Commerce, Vol. 19, No. 2.
- Robertson, David W. and Sturley, Michael F, (2008), “Recent
Developments in Admiralty and Maritime Law at the National Level and in the
Fifth and Eleventh Circuits”, Tulane Maritime Law Journal.
- Rosaeg, Eri, (2009), “Conflicts of Conventions in the Rotterdam Rules,
Paper Presented at the Conference”,The Rotterdam Rules Appraised, on
September 24-25, at the Erasmus University; Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Tai, Sik Kwan, (2014), “Applicable Law in a Multimodal Transport Contract in
China”, available at http://www.seatransport.org/ seaview_doc/SV_96/The%20
Applicable%20Law%20in%20a%20Multimodal%20Transport%20Contract%20in
%20China.pdf .
- Ulfbeck, Vibe, (2009), “Multimodal Transports in the United States and Europe - Global or Regional Liability Rules?”, Tulane Maritime Law Journal.
- Wang, W. & Ruijgrok, C, (1994), “De organisatievan voorraden en
vervoersstromen”, in: A. Venemans (ed.), Nieuwe technieken in het
goederenvervoer over de korte afstand: organisatie, infrastructuur, multimodaliteit,
Stichting Toekomstbeeld der Techniek, Den Haag.
- Ziel, Gertjan van der, (2009), “Multimodal Aspect of the Rotterdam Rules”,
Uni. L. Rev.89
- 46 U.S.C. App. § 1312.
- A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.78, www.uncitral.org
- Agreement on International Goods Transport by Rail 1951.
- Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA) in 1936
- Convention on Combined Transport – Tokyo Rules
- Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or
Partly by Sea, New York, 2008.
- Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by
Road, done at Geneva 19 May 1956
- Convention Supplementary to the Warsaw Convention for the Unification
of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Performed by a
Person Other than the Contracting Carrier signed in Guadalajara, 18 September 1961.
- Montreal Convention; Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for
International Carriage by Air, signed at Montreal on 28 May 1999
- Montréal Protocol No. 4 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of
Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, signed at Warsaw on 12
October 1929, as amended by the Protocol done at The Hague on 28 September
1955 signed at Montreal, 25 September 1975.
- Multimodal Transport Convention; United Nations Convention on the
Multimodal Transportation of Goods, concluded on 24 May 1980, UN
Doc.TD/MT/CONF/16, reprinted in 19 ILM 938 (1980).
- Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules
Relating to International Carriage by Air done at The Hague, 28 September 1955.
- The Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by
Inland Waterway of 22 June 2001
- The Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF) of 9
May 1980 as amended by the Protocol of Modification of 3 June 1999 (Vilnius)
–Appendix B (CIM)
- The Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to
International Carriage by Air, signed atWarsaw on 12 October 1929
- The Hague Rules; The Brussels Convention for the Unification of Certain
Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading of 25 August 1924
- The Hague-Visby Rules; the Hague Rules as Amended by the Brussels
Protocol of 23 February 1968
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, The Economic and
Commercial Implications of the Entry into Force of the Hamburg Rules and the
Multimodal Transport Convention.
- UN Document: IMCTRAD/SDTE/TLB/2, “Implementation of
Multimodal Transport”, report prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat.
- UNCTAD, ‘Multimodal transport: The feasibility ofan international legal
instrument’, UNCTAD/SDTE/TLB/2003/1, 13 January 2003, p. 10. Available
at: www.unctad.org
- UNCTAD/ICC Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents
- UNCTAD/ICC, Rules for Multimodal Transport Documents, Publication
No:481, 1992.
- Uniform Rules for the Combined Transport Document
- United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of
Goods (1980)
- UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS
BY SEA, 1978
- www.ie.msstate.edu
- http://www.ccr-zkr.org/files/conventions/cmni_en.pdf