Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Master Student , University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
Abstract
Climate change is considered to be the biggest crisis of the present era, and traditional approaches have not been very effective to deal with it yet. Thus, in recent decades, geoengineering which includes two main methods of carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management has come to the attention of countries. Like other emerging technologies, besides its benefits, most important of which to combat climate change, due to scientific uncertainty, they might have harmful effects on the environment. The present article has aimed to describe geoengineering methods and their environmental pros and cons. The findings of the article show that although the geoengineering methods in international environmental treaties are scattered, mostly in the form of implicit expressions, the rules and the actions of member states indicate the different and sometimes contradictory attitudes toward geoengineering, which varies from explicit or implicit approval of some methods, especially in treaties related to climate change, to explicit and implicit opposition of others, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the London Protocol, and the Ozone Conservation Convention. This dispersion is so great that a specific legal system cannot be assumed.
Keywords
مقاله‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ها
- خرسندی، فرهاد، «ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی بیوچار»، منتشر شده در : (1398)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330508068, Available at: Accessed November 2020, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35149.08169.
- قریشی، سید کاظم؛ رحیمی پردنجانی، ایرج و محمد طاهری، «اثرات زیستمحیطی تغییرات اقلیمی»، منتشر شده توسط اولین کنفرانس ملی آلودگیهای محیط زیست با محوریت زمین پاک، اردبیل، انجمن مردم نهاد حیات پاک، (۱۳۹۳)،
Available at: https://www.civilica.com/Paper-IAUEP01-IAUEP01_056.html.
References
Books
- Du Haomiao, An International Legal Framework for Geoengineering Managing the Risks of an Emerging Technology (London: Routledg, 2019).
- Gerrard, Michael B. and Hester, Tracy Climate Engineering and the Law: Regulation and Liability for Solar Radiation Management and Carbon Dioxide Removal )Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018).
- Koh Kheng-Lian, Kelman, Kibugi, Robert. Eisma Osorio Rose-liza. Adaptation to Climate Change: ASEAN and Comparative Experiences )Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 2015).
Articles
- Ahlm, Lars et al., “Marine Cloud Brightening – as Effective without Clouds”, Atmos, Chem Phys., 17, (2017).
- Basha, Asmath et al., “100% Free Global Warming” International Journal of Computer Applications. 15, (2010).
- Bert, Gordijn & Henk, Have, “Ethics of mitigation, adaptation and geoengineering” Med Health Care and Philos, 15, (2012).
- Bopp, Laurent, et al., “The Ocean: A Carbon Pump”, at 3, Available at: https://www.ocean-climate.org/wp-content/ uploads/ 2017/ 03/ ocean-carbon-pump_07-2.pdf, (2015).
- Broder, Sherry, P, “International Governance of Ocean Fertilization and other Marine Geoengineering Activities” In Ocean Law and Policy, Edited by Carlos Espósito, James Kraska, Harry N. Scheiber, and Moon-Sang Kwon, (2017).
- Broder, Sherry, P. Haward, Marcus, “The International Legal Regimes Governing” In Regions, Institutions, and Law of the Sea, Edited by HN. -H. Paik and Jin-Hyun Paik, (2013).
- Caldeira, Ken, Bala, Govindasamy, Cao, Long, “The Science of Geoengineering”, Annu. Rev Earth Planet. Sci. 41, (2013).
- Chen, Ying & Xin, Yuan, “Implications of Geoengineering under the 1.5 °C Target: Analysis and Policy Suggestions”, Advances in Climate Change Research, Volume 8, Issue 2, (2017).
- Cao, Long & et al, “Geoengineering: Basic Science and Ongoing Research Efforts in China”, Advances in Climate Change Research, 6(3-4), (2015).
- Doelle, Meinhard, “Climate Geoengineering and Dispute Settlement Under UNCLOS and the UNFCCC: Stormy Seas Ahead? “in Climate Change Impacts on Ocean and Coastal Law: U.S. and International Perspectives, Edited by Abate Randall, (2014).
- Fleming, James R, “The Climate Engineers: Playing god to save the Planet” Wilson Quarterly, 31(2), (2007).
- Scott, Karen N, “International Law in the Anthropocene, Responding to the Geoengineering Challenge, Michigan Journal of International Law, 34(22), (2013).
- Shepherd, John & et al., “Geoengineering the climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty”, Report by the Royal Society, Ocean Challenge, 17, ) 2009(.
- Tedsen, Elizabeth & Homann, Gesa, “Implementing the Precautionary Principle for Climate Engineering”, Carbon and Climate Law Review, 7(2), (2013).
- Vaughan, Naomi & Lenton, Timothy, “A Review of Climate Geoengineering Proposals”, Climatic Change, 109 (3-4), (2011).
- Winter, Gerd, “Climate Engineering and International Law: Final Exit or the End of Humanity? “In Climate Change: International Law and Global Governance edited by Ruppel, Oliver C. Roschmann, Christian. Ruppel, Katharina, (2013).
- Yoon, Joo-Eun & et al.,“Ocean Iron Fertilization Experiments: Past–Present–Future with Introduction to Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Southern Ocean (KIFES) Project”, Biogeosciences 15(19), (2018).
Thesis
- Brent, The Role of the No-Harm Rule in Governing Solar Radiation Management Geoengineering, PhD Thesis. University of Tasmania, (2016).
Documents
- Amendment to the 1996 Protocol to The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter1972 to Regulate Marine Geoengineering, (2013).
- Decision IX/16: Ninth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, (2008).
- Decision X/33: Tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, (2010).
- Decision XI/ 20. Eleventh Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Convention on Marine Biodervisty, (2012).
- Decision XIII/14: Thirteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, (2016).
- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, (1979).
- Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques, (1977).
- Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at Least 30 Percent, (1985).
- Kyoto Protocol (1996).
- Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, )1972( and London Protocol (1996).
- Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987).
- Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, (1994).
- Paris Agreement )2015).
- Resolution LC-LP.1 on the Regulation of Ocean Fertilization (2008).
- The Convention on Biological Diversity, (1992).
- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, (1982).
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992).
- Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985).
Report
- Bracmort, Kelsi, Lattanzio, Richard K. Barbour Emily C, “Geoengineering: Governance and Technology Policy”, Congressional Research Service Report R41371, (2010).
- Horton, Joshua B. Keith, David W. and Matthias Honegger, “Implications of the Paris Agreement for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Solar Geoengineering, Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Belfer Center, (2016).
- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, “Scientific Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Fertilization on Marine Biodiversity”, Technical Series No. 45. (2009)
- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity “Geoengineering in Relation to the Convention on Biological Diversity: Technical and Regulatory Matters” Montreal, Technical Series, No. 66, (2012).
Sites
- The Effects of Climate Change, NASA, (2019), Available at: https:// climate. nasa. gov/ effects/, Accessed August 2020.
- Carbon Dioxide, NASA (November 2020) Available at: https:// climate. nasa. gov/ vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/, Accessed November 2020.
- Global Effects of Mount Pinatubo, NASA, (2001), available at: https:// earth observatory. nasa. gov/ images/1510/global-effects-of-mount-pinatubo, Accessed at April 2020.
)