Document Type : Research Paper
Author
Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Faculty of Law, Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
In domestic legal systems, Joint and several liability provides the best assurance that the plaintiffs will be compensated for their loss. The rule means that when multiple defendants are found to have caused the same damage, each defendant can be obliged to pay up to the full amount of the loss suffered. It is common in international practice that several states or international organizations contribute together to the indivisible injury of a third party. Therefore, due to the fact that there are situations in which two or more international persons share responsibility for their contribution to an indivisible injury of third persons, is it possible to apply the principle of joint and several liability in the concept of domestic law regarding distribution of reparation in situations of share international responsibility? According to this study, based on the general principle of law as a source of international law in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and due to the relative lack of development of the rules of international responsibility in this field, comparison with domestic law is possible. Yet, the implementation of joint and several liability in the international law system will face the obstacle of the jurisdiction of international courts.
Keywords
الف- فارسی
کتاب‌ها
- زمانی، سید قاسم، حقوق سازمان‌های بین‌المللی (تهران: موسسه مطالعات و پژوهش‌های حقوقی، 1392).
- صفایی، سید حسین و حبیب الله رحیمی، مسئولیت مدنی (الزامات خارج از قرارداد) (تهران: انتشارات سمت، 1393).
- کاتوزیان، ناصر، نظریه عمومی تعهدات (تهران: نشر دادگستر، 1379).
- کرافورد، جیمز، حقوق مسئولیت بین‌المللی (قواعد عمومی)، ترجمه علیرضا ابراهیم گل و دیگران (تهران: انتشارات سنگلج، 1395).
- مصطفوی، سید مصطفی و طیب افشارنیا، مسئولیت تضامنی (تعدد مسئولیت پرداخت یک دین) (تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه امام صادق، 1389).
مقاله‌ها
- استومر، اندرو، «مسئولیت دولت‌های عضو در قبال اعمال سازمان‌های بین‌المللی: بازنگری ایرادات مصلحت‌اندیشانه»، ترجمه علی اصغر امیر، زمستان، ویژه‌نامه مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، (1389).
- حدادی، مهدی، «معاونت در ارتکاب فعل متخلفانه بین‌المللی دولت در طرح مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت 2001»، مطالعات حقوقی، زمستان دوره دهم، شماره چهارم، (1397).
- درویشی هویدا، یوسف، «مسئولیت تضامنی و امکان طرح دعوا علیه کلیه مسئولین بدون رعایت ترتیب خاص»، فصلنامه رای: مطالعات آرای قضایی، بهار، شماره 10، (1394).
- زمانیان، مسعود، «مسئولیت تضامنی مقایسه با سایر قوانین کشورهای مختلف»، قابل دسترس در https://www.bonyadvokala.com.
- ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا و نسرین ترازی، «توزیع جبران خسارت در وضعیت‌های مسئولیت مشترک بین‌المللی»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، پاییز و زمستان، شماره 63، (1399).
- مبینی، احمدرضا، «مروری بر گزارش‌های 2019 و 2020 کمیسیون حقوق بین‌المللی در خصوص اصول کلی حقوق»، قابل دسترس در https://unstudies.ir.
References
Books
- Brownlie, I, Principles of Public International Law, 6th Edn (Oxford University Press, 2003).
- Crawford, James, State Responsibility, The general Part, Translated by Alireza Ebrahimgol and Others (Tehran: Sanglaj Publication, 2017). [ In Persian]
- D’argent Pierre, “Reparation, Cessation, Assurances and Guarantees of Non-Repetition”, in A, Nollkaemper and Plakokefalos (eds.), Principle of Shared Responsibility in International Law: An Appraisal of the State of the Art (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
- Jackson, Miles, Complicity in International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
- Mustafavi, Seyyed Mostafa and Tayyab Afsharnia, Joint Liability (Multiple Responsibilities for Paying a Debt) (Tehran: Imam Sadiq University Publications, 2009). [In Persian]
- Orakhelashvili, Alexander, “Division of Reparation between Responsible Entities”, in J. Crawford, A. Pellet, S. Olleson, The Law of International Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 2010).
- Safai, Sayyed Hossein, Habibollah Rahimi, Civil Liability (Non- Contractual Obligations) (Tehran: Samt, 2014). [ In Persian]
- Wittich S, “Joint Tortfeasors in Investment Law”, in C. Binder, U. Kriebaum, A. Reinisch, and S. Wittich (eds.), International Investment Law for the 21st Century. Essays in Honour of Christoph Schreuer (Oxford University Press, 2009).
- Zamani, S. Ghasem, Law of International Organizations (Tehran: The SD Instititute of Law Research & Study, 2013). [In Persian]
Articles
- Ahlborn, Christiane, “To Share or Not to Share? The Allocation of Responsibility between International Organizations and their Member States”, Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2013-73, (2013).
- Haddadi, Mahdi, “Complicity in Committing Internationally Wrongful Acts in the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States 2001”, Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 10, Issue .4 (30), (2019). [In Persian]
- Darvishi Hoveyda, Youssef, “Joint liability and the Possibility of Filing a Lawsuit Against All Officials Without Following a Specific Procedure”, Ray (Judicial Case Review Quarterly), Vol. 4, No. 10, (2014) [In Persian]
- Den Heijer, Maarten, “Procedural Aspects of Shared Responsibility in the European Court of Human Rights”, SHARES Research Paper 17, (2012), ACIL 2012-16, available at www.sharesproject.nl and SSRN.
- Mobini, Ahmadreza, “A Review of the 2019 and 2020 Reports of the International Law Commission Regarding the General Principles of Law”, available at https://unstudies.ir [In Persian]
- Nollkaemper, A. and Dov Jacobs, “Shared Responsibility in International Law: A Conceptual Framework”, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 34, (2013).
- Nollkaemper, A. and Jean d’Aspremont, Christiane Ahlborn, Berenice Boutin, Nataša Nedeski and Ilias Plakokefalos, “Guiding Principles on Shared Responsibility in International Law”, The European Journal of International Law, Vol. 31, No. 1, (2020).
- Noyes J. and Brian D. Smith, “State Responsibility and the Principle of Joint and Several Liability”, Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 13, (1988).
- Stumer, A, “Liability of Member States for Acts of International Organizations: Reconsidering the Policy Objections”, Translated by Ali Asghar Amir, Special Issue of the International Law Review, (Winter 2009) [In Persian]
- Zamaniyan, Massoud, “Joint liability Compared with Other Laws of Different Countries”, available at https://www.bonyadvokala.com. [In Persian]
- Ziai Bigdeli, Mohamadreza & Nasrin Tarazi, “Distribution of Reparation in the Context of International Shared Responsibility”, International Law Review, Vol. 37, Issue. 63, (2021). [In Persian]
Cases
- Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (USA v. Bulgaria), Merits, 2 December 1958.
- Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, ICJ Reports, 2007.
- Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), ICJ Reports, 1970, p 34, para.38.
- Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, ICJ Reports, 1992.
- Corfu Channel Case (Australia), Judgment, ICJ Reports, 1995.
- Eurotunnel Arbitration, (2007) 132 ILR.
- Factory at Chorzów, PCIJ, 1928, Ser. A, No.17.
- Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, ICJ Reports, 1997.
- LaGrand (Germany v. US), Judgment, ICJ Reports, 2001.
- Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. UK) (Oral Proceedings) (Public Sitting 12 May 1999), Verbatim Record 1999/25.
- Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (It. v. Fr., U.K. & U.S.), Preliminary Question, Judgment, ICJ Reports, 1954.
- Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, ICJ Reports, 2003.
- Trail Smelter Arbitration, (1941) 3 RIAA 1938.
- Treatment in Hungary of Aircraft and Crew of United States of America (United States of America v. Hungarian People’s Republic; United States of America v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republic).
Instruments
- Draft Articles on State Responsibility Provisionally Adopted by the International Law Commission on First Reading (1996), reproduced in: Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Forty-Eighth Session, UN Doc. A/51/10.
- The International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (Second Reading, 2001), reproduced in: Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Fifty-Third Session, UN Doc. A/56/10.
- The International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on Responsibility of International Organizations (Second Reading, 2011), reproduced in: Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Sixty-Third Session, UN Doc. A/66/10.
)