نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مراغه - مدیر گروه حقوق بین الملل

2 دانشگاه آزاد

چکیده

میثاق حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی با ترسیم تعهدات بین المللی دولتهای عضو در ماده دو از دولتهای عضو می خواهد تا با همکاری و مساعدت بین المللی به دولتهای فاقد امکانات لازم برای تحقق عالیترین سطوح قابل حصول حقوق مندرج در میثاق کمک دهند. تعهد به ارائه مساعدت بین المللی گویای ابعاد فراسرزمینی تعهدات منبعث از میثاق می باشد. کمیته با تأیید قابلیت اجرائی فراسرزمینی تعهدات ناشی از میثاق اعلام می دارد که دولتهای عضو نه تنها متعهد به اجرای مفاد میثاق در قلمرو سرزمینی خود هستند، بلکه بایدمقررات میثاق را نسبت به سرزمینهایی که بر آنها دارای کنترل مؤثر هستند و یا تحت صلاحیت خود دارند نیز به اجرا بگذارند. دولتهای عضو باید با بکارگیری امکانات موجود خود حداکثر تلاششان را به عمل آورند تا به تحقق حقوق مزبور در سایر کشورها مساعدت نمایند، اما اگر دولتی به دلیل کمبود امکانات قادر به انجام این تعهدات فراسرزمینی در حوزه حقوق مزبور نباشد، مسئولیتی از باب عدم انجام تعهدات متوجه او نخواهد بود. لیکن اگر در صورت فراهم بودن شرایط و برخورداری از امکانات مالی کافی، از ایفای این تعهدات قصور نماید، مرتکب نقض میثاق شده و مسئولیت بین المللی او قابل تصور خواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Extraterritorial Applicability of International Obligations of States in the Field of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

نویسندگان [English]

  • ehsan javid 1
  • Saber Niavarani 2

چکیده [English]

International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights draws the content of international obligations of states parties to the Covenant in article 2. The Covenant obliges states parties to enter into international cooperation and assistance for the full realization of the highest attainable standards of the rights enshrined in the Covenant. Obligation to provide international assistance indicates the extraterritorial aspects of the Covenant. International Committee of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights confirms the extraterritorial applicability of obligations resulted from the Covenant. Committee considers that states parties to the Covenant are under an obligation to enforce their obligations not only within their territory, but also within territories which they have effective control over them. Committee recognizes that some states may be faced with lack of resources and, therefore, unable to meet their international obligations under ICESCR. If a state party has enough resources but is unwilling to provide international economic and technical assistance to poorer states, its international responsibility can be alleged because of breach of its legal obligations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • “extraterritorial jurisdiction”
  • “human rights”
  • “Covenant”
  • “international obligations”
  • “international responsibility”
الف) فارسی
کتاب
- شایگان، فریده،(1380)،شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد و مفهوم صلح و امنیت بین‌المللی، چاپ اول، بهار، تهران: انتشارات دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران.
 
مقاله‌ها
- جاوید، احسان، (1393)، «مشروعیت اعمال تحریم‌های اقتصادی یکجانبه در حقوق بین‌الملل با تأکید بر تحریم‌های یکجانبه آمریکا علیه ایران»، همایش ایران و چالش‌های حقوقی بین‌المللی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مراغه، زمستان.
- زمانی، سید قاسم و مظاهری، جمشید، (1390)، «تحریم‌های هوشمند شورای امنیت در پرتو قطعنامه 1929: حفظ یا تهدید صلح؟»، مجله حقوقی بین‌المللی، سال 28، شماره 44.
- ضیایی، سیدیاسر، (1390)، «مبانی نظری صلاحیت فراسرزمینی دولت از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی»، مجله حقوقی دادگستری، سال 75، زمستان، شماره 76.
 
ب) انگلیسی
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Judgments and Judicial Reports
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-European Court of Human Rights, (1995), Loizidou v Turkey, (Preliminary Objections).
 
-International Court of Justice, (1970), Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South -West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276, ICJ Reports, (‘Namibia Opinion’).
 
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-UN Human Rights Committee, (1981), Lopez Burgos v Uruguay, Communication No 052/1979, UN Doc. CCPR/C/OP/1, 29 July.