Document Type : Research Paper

Abstract

In this article, we attempt to study a variety of genuine ombudsman institutions at the national level and the institutions which are classified under the general title "quasi-ombudsman" or "ombudsman-like". The reason behind the diversity and complexity of these institutions around the world lies at this point that the idea of ​​ombudsman in dealing and interacting with different cultures has been faced with many ups and downs and because of its great flexibility, it has adapted itself with the requirements of every society and has taken different yet sometimes contradictory forms. To reach our goal, that is, to achieve a correct and expurgated concept of the notion of ombudsman and after studying different types of ombudsman institutions, the article concludes that the independent Ombudsman institutions which are supported by the Constitution or law and their officials appointed or removed by specific majorities are the Genuine Ombudsman Institutions. In other words, Classical and Hybrid Ombudsman Institutions could be regarded as Genuine Institutions.

Keywords

الف) فارسی
کتاب
-        موسی­زاده، ابراهیم و جوکار، فضل­ا...، (1391)، آمبودزمان و نهادهای مشابه آن در نظام حقوقی جمهوری اسلامی ایران، چاپ نخست، تهران: نشر دادگستر.
مقاله‌ها
-          جلالی، محمد و ضیائی، رضوان، (1392)، «نقش آمبودزمان در توسعه و ارتقای مردم­­سالاری»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، شماره 39.
-          دروری، گاوین، (1387)، «اداره بازرسی پارلمانی»، ترجمه سعید عطار، مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی.
-          درویشیهویدا، یوسف، (1392)، «اصلمحرمانهبودندرشیو‌هایجایگزینحلاختلاف»، فصلنامهدیدگاههایحقوققضایی، شماره62.
-          رستمی، ولی و جوکار، فضل­ا...، (1391)، «آمبودزمان: نظارت فراقضایی مکمل نظارت قضایی»، فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق، شماره 37.  
 
ب) انگلیسی
 Books:
-          Kucsko-Stadlmayer, Gabriele (ed), (2008), European Ombudsman-Institutions, Wien, Springer.
-          Reif, Linda C, (2004), The Ombudsman, Good Governance and the International Human Rights System, Leiden, Springer Science and Business Media Dordrecht.
Articles:
-          Abedin, Najmul, (2004), “What Should Be the Primary Focus of the Ombudsman Institution? Protecting Human Rights and Redressing Public Grievances versus Fighting Corruption: Emphasis on South Asia and the Commonwealth Caribbean”, in: Reif, Linda C(ed), The International Ombudsman Yearbook, Vol. 8.
-          Abedin, Najmul, (2011), “Conceptual and Functional Diversity of the Ombudsman Institution: A Classification”, Administration & Society, Vol. 48.
-          Gadlin, Howard, (2000), “The Ombudsman: What’s in a Name?”, Negotiation Journal, Vol.16, Issue 1.
-          Gottehrer, Dean M, (2009), “Fundamental Elements of an Effective Ombudsman Institution”, available in: http://www.theioi.org/publications/stockholm-2009-conference-Papers.
-          Hatchard, John, (1992), “Developing Governmental Accountability: The Role of the Ombudsman”, Third World Legal Studies, Vol.11.
-          Kucsko-Stadlmayer, Gabriele, (2008), “The Legal Structures of Ombudsman-Institutions in Europe–Legal Comparative Analysis”, in: Kucsko-Stadlmayer, Gabriele(ed), European Ombudsman-Institutions, Wien, Springer.
-          Parfitt, Brent, (2009), “Independent Oversight and the Security of Children”, in: Nosworthy, David, Seen, but not Heard: Placing Children and Youth on the Security Governance Agenda, Transaction Publishers
-          Reif, Linda C, (2009), “The Ombudsman and the Protection of Children's Rights”, Asia Pacific Law Review, Vol.17.
-          Rowat, Donald C, (2007), “The American Distortion of the Ombudsman Concept and its Influence on Canada”, Canadian Public Administration, Vol. 50, No.1
-          Saul, Ben, (2007), “Australian Administrative Law: The Human Rights Dimension”. in: Groves, Matthew and Lee, H P(eds), Australian Administrative Law: Fundamentals, Principles and Doctrines, New York, First Published, Cambridge University Press.
-          Tai, Benny Y.T, (2010), “Models of Ombudsman and Human Rights Protection”, International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, Vol.1, No. 1-3.
-          Thacker, Sara, (2009), “Good Intentions Gone Astray: How the ABA Standards Affect Ombudsmen”, Journal of the International Ombudsman Association, Vol.2, No.1.
-          Wagner, Marsha L, (2000), “The Organizational Ombudsman as Change Agent”, Negotiation Journal, Vol.16, Issue 1.
Documents
-          American Bar Association (ABA), (2004), Standards for the Establishment and Operation of Ombudsman Offices.
-          American Bar Association Journal (ABAJ), (1969), Vol.55.
-          American Bar Association Journal (ABAJ), (1971), Vol.57.