International Law
Mohammad saleh Anisi; Mahnaz Rashidi; Mahdi Piri
Abstract
IntroductionToday, given the fundamental role of water in human life, water crises are among the most significant transboundary challenges facing humanity. Iran, due to its arid and semi-arid geography, faces particularly difficult water conditions. In some regions, the country relies on transboundary ...
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IntroductionToday, given the fundamental role of water in human life, water crises are among the most significant transboundary challenges facing humanity. Iran, due to its arid and semi-arid geography, faces particularly difficult water conditions. In some regions, the country relies on transboundary rivers to meet its water needs—often from a downstream position. One of the most important of these is the Hirmand (Helmand) River Basin. A treaty has been established between Iran and Afghanistan regarding Iran’s irrigation rights to the Hirmand River. However, despite the treaty’s validity, Afghanistan has failed to deliver Iran’s annual water allocation of 820 million cubic meters, thereby violating the agreement. The water crisis in Iran’s Sistan and Baluchestan Province has now reached a critical level, threatening the lives of its residents. As such, the issue has significant human rights implications. As the artery of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, the Hirmand River plays a vital role in supporting both the livelihoods and the health of local residents, making it essential to explore and highlight the human rights dimensions of this crisis. Literature ReviewThe utilization of international watercourses is governed by a distinct international legal regime. While there is extensive research on this subject, the human rights implications—particularly in Iran—have not received adequate attention. Referring to all relevant sources, this study aimed to fill that gap by examining the Hirmand Basin as a case study. The research is considered innovative in its approach, as it explored the overlap between two key international legal regimes. It identified existing gaps and proposed legal solutions to ensure that human rights are respected in the equitable use of international watercourses, with a particular focus on the Hirmand Basin. Materials and MethodsThe present study built its arguments by comparing and applying general legal rulings to specific events in the Hirmand Basin. Key methods used to provide legal solutions include historical analogy, priority, and similarity. Moreover, the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice serves as one of the primary foundations for the legal reasoning presented in this research. Results and DiscussionFirst, the study focused on the human rights obligations of governments in the management of international watercourses. It explored various dimensions of the right to access water, providing a substantive analysis of its minimum and maximum thresholds as defined in human rights documents. Key issues discussed include the multifaceted, fundamental nature of this right as well as its transboundary implications. Drawing on international legal sources, the research examined various dimensions and relevant rulings. Then, the method of analogy was used to apply and adapt these rulings to contemporary real-world events. Second, the research examined the nature of issues surrounding the Hirmand Basin. Given the predominantly rural context of the region, the Hirmand water plays a crucial role in the development and livelihood of the local residents. Furthermore, the Hirmand River Water Treaty, a binding international legal agreement between Iran and Afghanistan, underscores the importance of upholding the right to access water. To support the main argument, the analysis relied on relevant international jurisprudence and numerous international opinions to prove the main hypothesis of the study. It appears that the principle of due diligence—recognized as the point of overlap between procedural and substantive rights in international basins—has not been adequately observed in the Hirmand Basin. Moreover, the right to access water in this basin remains questionable. The research identified existing legal gaps by analyzing various aspects of the issue and substantiating the proposed hypotheses. In this context, several important legal solutions are presented, the most significant of which are rooted in human rights literature—particularly in relation to different dimensions of the principle of due diligence. Furthermore, the study highlighted the relevance of human rights monitoring mechanisms under the United Nations Charter, considering them as key legal instruments for safeguarding water rights in the Hirmand Basin. Conclusion Despite the extensive research in this field, it appears that insufficient attention has been paid to the importance and scope of human rights obligations. In this context, international jurisprudence can be leveraged to develop this discussion and place greater emphasis on the dignity of residents in basins such as the Hirmand. The application of the due diligence principle, along with international human rights monitoring mechanisms, can help ensure the fulfillment of states human rights obligations in transboundary basins like the Hirmand.
International Law
Milad Haji Esmaeili; Mehrab Darabpour
Abstract
IntroductionThe regulation of multinational enterprises (MNEs) is a critical issue, given the numerous disasters throughout history caused by their activities. As a result, the legal community has continuously sought solutions to regulate MNEs. Various efforts (e.g., U.N. conventions on human rights ...
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IntroductionThe regulation of multinational enterprises (MNEs) is a critical issue, given the numerous disasters throughout history caused by their activities. As a result, the legal community has continuously sought solutions to regulate MNEs. Various efforts (e.g., U.N. conventions on human rights or the guidelines of the OECD and the International Labour Organization) have aimed to address the regulation of MNEs. However, the Global Compact initiative stands out because, unlike previous agreements, it does not assign a regulatory role to governments. Instead, it directly links MNEs to the United Nations. In 1999, then-United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, speaking at the World Economic Forum in Davos, emphasized the need for what he called the Global Compact. Annan proposed, “you, the business leaders gathered in Davos, and we, the United Nations, are launching a global pact of shared values and principles that will give a human face to the global market.” His speech marked the beginning of a direct relationship between enterprises and the United Nations. Since its adoption in 2000, the Global Compact has sparked both criticism and support. As the largest and most innovative voluntary initiative of its kind, it called for the active participation of MNEs in international law. Before this initiative, the United Nations primarily engaged with the states, and the regulation was shaped by the confrontation between the states and enterprises. Naturally, any initiative operating within the rigid framework of international law is bound to face criticism. To fully understand the Global Compact, it is essential to explore its principles, identify its key members, and examine its functioning. Having provided an overview of the history and functioning of the Global Compact, the present study tried to address three major criticisms frequently directed at the initiative: 1) the Compact’s ten principles are too vague to be effectively implemented, 2) the Compact allows large MNEs to exert undue influence over the United Nations, and 3) the absence of binding executive monitoring means MNEs have no legal accountability. The objective of the study was to assess the validity of these criticisms and, where possible, refute them, thereby contributing to the further advancement of the Global Compact.Literature ReviewThere are few Persian-language studies specifically addressing the Global Compact. However, a wealth of English-language research provides valuable insights into the subject. As a result, the current analysis relied on English-language sources to develop a deeper understanding of the Global Compact and its role as a regulatory framework for multinational enterprises. Materials and MethodsThis study employed a descriptive–analytical approach to explain and critically examine the unwritten elements, values, and policies that extend beyond the formal text of the Global Compact. It also explored their significance and status in relation to the official document, offering deeper insights into the Compact’s underlying principles. Using a qualitative methodology, the study integrated document analysis and critical discourse analysis to assess the Global Compact as a regulatory framework for MNEs. The document analysis drew on primary sources, including the official texts of the Compact’s ten principles, reports on corporate compliance, and relevant U.N. publications. Secondary sources included academic articles, books, and case studies exploring the Compact’s implementation. Critical discourse analysis was employed to examine the narratives, assumptions, and power dynamics embedded within the Compact’s framework. The discourse analysis focused on three key areas: the historical evolution of multinational regulation leading to the Global Compact, the operational mechanisms of the Compact (including its principles and stakeholder interactions), and the criticisms and limitations identified by scholars and practitioners, juxtaposed against the objectives stated in the Compact. By combining these methods, the study sought to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Global Compact’s role in global governance and its potential to address regulatory challenges associated with MNEs. Results and DiscussionThe findings of this study highlighted both the Global Compact’s effectiveness in promoting ethical corporate behavior and its limitations in addressing enforcement gaps. Several key insights were derived from the analysis. First, the Compact’s ten principles are closely aligned with globally recognized standards, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the ILO’s Fundamental Principles of Rights at Work. Second, with over 23,000 voluntary participants, the Compact has garnered significant engagement from MNEs across both developing and developed economies, demonstrating its global reach and relevance. Third, despite its impact, the Compact has faced criticism for its voluntary nature and lack of accountability. However, this study underscored its potential as a collaborative framework that guides corporate practices and informs regulatory policies. Fourth, the Compact plays a complementary role by fostering dialogue, learning, and partnerships. In doing so, it bridges the gap between corporate self-regulation and formal legal frameworks, particularly in contexts where regulatory enforcement is weak or absent. These findings affirm the Compact’s value as a pragmatic, albeit imperfect, instrument for integrating corporate activities into the broader fabric of sustainable development and global governance. The Global Compact offers a novel framework for regulating MNEs through non-binding principles rather than traditional state-imposed regulations. The results highlighted the implications of this unique framework and its ability to address contemporary challenges in corporate accountability, human rights, labor standards, environmental protection, and anti-corruption. By emphasizing voluntary compliance and collaborative mechanisms, the Compact fosters a participatory approach that encourages businesses to internalize ethical practices organically. However, criticisms regarding its vagueness, susceptibility to corporate capture, and lack of enforceability remain significant. This study argues that such criticisms overlook the Compact’s intended role and purpose—not as a rigid regulatory instrument, but as a platform for learning, dialogue, and innovation. Furthermore, the Compact complements existing regulatory frameworks by bridging gaps in state and international governance, promoting transparency, and cultivating a culture of ethical business practices. Ultimately, it functions as a supplementary agreement that aligns the objectives of MNEs with broader societal goals, facilitating their integration into global governance.ConclusionThe present article examined the Global Compact and evaluated the legitimacy of its stated objectives. To achieve this, it was necessary to conduct a thorough assessment of the Compact’s ten principles, identify its members, and examine how it functions. The analysis revealed that the principles were designed to serve four key goals: protecting human rights, upholding labor rights, promoting environmental sustainability, and combating corruption. The Compact’s members fall into four categories: MNEs, the United Nations, non-governmental organizations, and governments. Its functioning is structured around three main components: dialogue, learning, and collaborative projects. Having offered an understanding of the Global Compact, the article addressed several criticisms associated with it. Three key criticisms were highlighted: first, the ambiguity of its principles, which fails to provide a clear framework for assessing corporate misconduct; second, the Compact’s role in facilitating MNEs’ involvement in U.N. policymaking, potentially shifting the focus toward commercial interests; and third, the absence of accountability mechanisms, allowing companies to associate themselves with the U.N. to justify their actions without consequences. Several points were offered in response to such criticisms. It can be argued that the vagueness of the Compact’s principles is intentional, providing enterprises with the flexibility to develop innovative solutions. If the principles were overly detailed, they could stifle innovation. Moreover, MNEs have historically played a significant role in shaping international policies, regardless of the Global Compact. The Global Compact, therefore, serves to formalize and bring transparency to the otherwise hidden policies of these corporations. The most fundamental criticism (i.e., the lack of accountability) was also addressed, which underscored the need for more robust mechanisms to ensure corporate responsibility. Finally, the study examined the Compact’s regulatory foundations, emphasizing that it would not seek to impose traditional regulations like other agreements. Instead, it operates beyond both national and international regulatory frameworks. Historically, regulators have prioritized enforcement, often overlooking how regulations align with industry practices. When regulations fail to reflect industry realities and needs, they can lead to inefficiencies and misunderstandings that negatively impact both governments and enterprises. The Global Compact’s true objective is not to regulate but to bridge the gap between industry concerns and regulatory practices, fostering open dialogue and mutual learning in a transparent environment.
International Law
Seyed Hossein Malakooti Hashjin; Nasim Soleymani nejad; Seyed Ali Mousavi
Abstract
Introduction In today's world, with phenomena such as globalization, rapid changes in the international arena, and their effects on human rights and freedoms, the significance of the internationalization of constitutional laws as a link between the public laws of states and international law is growing ...
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Introduction In today's world, with phenomena such as globalization, rapid changes in the international arena, and their effects on human rights and freedoms, the significance of the internationalization of constitutional laws as a link between the public laws of states and international law is growing daily. Initially, constitutions were primarily considered as national documents confined within a country's borders. However, this perspective no longer holds in the era of globalization. constitutional rights, as a subset of public rights, are no exception. Nevertheless, the internationalization of constitutional laws continues to face numerous challenges and raises many controversies. For instance, if a domestic constitution is influenced by international law, it might undergo substantial changes. This process reflects that national constitutions are essentially part of a broader international legal framework. The inclusion of human rights in domestic constitutions, the increase in the convergence between national and international constitutions, and the alignment of the legal systems with the global market all contribute to the internationalization of constitutions. Furthermore, in entities like the European Union, internationalization occurs partially or regionally which forms the legal framework for the member states. Additionally, focusing on shared ideological principles among governments can lead to the transnationalization of certain constitutional principles. This not only serves to hold governments accountable but also allows for a comparative assessment of judicial practices concerning common issues. In general, the internationalization of constitutional laws can be viewed as a tool to curb the political powers of the government and officials within the framework of harmonized and effective legal principles. This article introduces and explores different facets of this process. Research Questions What are the opportunities and challenges before the internationalization of constitutional laws?What sets the ground for the creation and the status of cross-border principles, and what is their impact on national constitutions? Literature ReviewIn delving into the research background on the internationalization of constitutional laws, it is pertinent to consider factors such as governments' accession to documents related to or containing provisions on international human rights and the shifts in the global legal atmosphere. These steps signify changes in the global legal thinking that play a role in shaping the constitutions of nations. The influence of regional organizations like the European Union in instigating changes in the constitutional laws of member states is also noteworthy. These regional interactions can directly affect the constitutional laws of member states in economic, legal, and political aspects. In this context, many articles have examined the intricate interplay between the Constitution, international law, and global governance[1], as well as the potential for the internationalization of constitutions in different countries through adherence to international documents.[2] However, few sources have tackled the existing challenges and the future prospects. Methodology This research is fundamental research, employing a library-based method to collect and review data from documents, books, writings, articles, and foreign sources. In terms of research methodology, this study follows a non-comparative approach wherein it first delves into the factors and the driving forces behind the shift toward internationalization of fundamental laws, the second part focuses on delineating and explaining partial or regional internationalization and the associated challenges, and finally, the third part presents the outlook of this initiative. ConclusionThis research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the role of international human rights in national constitutions and the extent to which governments adhere to these documents. It also seeks to elucidate the impact of changes in global legal thinking on the constitutional frameworks of countries and their alignment with international law. The study investigates the role of regional organizations such as the European Union in promoting and facilitating the internationalization of constitutional laws in specific regions and how they affect the methods for adapting and formulating constitutional laws. In conclusion, the study finds that firstly, despite the debates among legal scholars, transnational principles are not always universally applicable, sometimes they are specific to particular geographical regions or their religious beliefs. furthermore, these principles allow oversight of governments and dual control through the application of binding domestic and international mechanisms. additionally, they enable a comparative examination of the judicial practices across different countries on common issues. In conclusion, the essay provides that the internationalization of constitutional laws can serve as a tool to underpin the restraint of political powers within the framework of harmonious and effective legal principles. [1]. Vicki C. Jackson, Paradigms of Public Law: Transnational Constitutional Values and Democratic Challenges, International Journal of Constitutional Law, (2010) 8.[2]. Wen-Chen Chang, ‘An Isolated Nation with Global-minded Citizens: Bottom-up Transnational Constitutionalism in Taiwan, National Taiwan University Law Review, (2009) 4(3).
Public Law
Abdollah Ghaderi; Haneh Farkish; Arkan Sharifi
Abstract
IntroductionAs a fundamental human right, the right to peaceful protest has always been the focus of governments. Therefore, after studying the concept and the legal framework concerning the exercise of this right according to the international documents, the constitution, important international principles, ...
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IntroductionAs a fundamental human right, the right to peaceful protest has always been the focus of governments. Therefore, after studying the concept and the legal framework concerning the exercise of this right according to the international documents, the constitution, important international principles, and standards, and also after examining theories of welfare and social contract, this essay has considered the theory of relative deprivation (the most complete theory proposed so far) as the basis of general dissatisfaction and then, by stating the importance and application of the right to peaceful protest and examining this right at the domestic level (according to Article 27 of the Constitution), it has tried to reach new findings that have not been accepted so far. In the following, by discussing and examining the standards for the implementation of the said right has been regarded and through referring to international documents, books, articles, theories, and especially the universality of human rights, the importance and enforceability of the rights contained in international documents, especially the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has been emphasized so that the governments be adherent to their international obligations. The right to peaceful protest, which has been recognized in Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and other international and regional documents, is a compound right that includes rights such as the freedom of opinion and expression, right of Self-determination, freedom of organization and association, etc. Therefore, the right to peaceful protest is specific to societies that follow a system of democracy, and accordingly, governments are required to provide the necessary preparations, platform, and space for its implementation given their responsibility to facilitate the implementation of human rights. These governments work to the benefit of the nation and should not put restrictions on this right in ways such as requiring permission or strictly monitoring peaceful protest gatherings by violating the privacy of the protesters, which effectively brings the implementation of the right of peaceful protest to a dead-end. Literature Review2.1. GharibNawaz in his book entitled Civil Liability of Persons in Public Protests (2015), examined the issue from the perspective of private rights and determined the situation where damages are caused by public protests and the loss is not compensable in the usual ways.2.2. Eslami and KamalVand in their article titled "Challenges of freedom of assembly in Iran's legal system in the light of the international human rights system"(2013), criticized and examined the freedom of assembly according to international legal documents, and examined the characteristics of gatherings (according to Article 27 of the Constitution), and also the restrictions limiting this right. They have reached the conclusion that the said right should be guaranteed and supported because it is a natural right and belongs to all people. MethodologyThe current research was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, by describing various international and domestic laws and documents, as well as analyzing the various forms and criteria in governance aims to achieve a conclusive result in the pursuit of the right to peaceful protest. ConclusionIn the domestic legal field, considering the constitution and regarding the theory of relative deprivation as the main basis and criteria, it should be stated that failure to observe principles such as Article 59 of the constitution has been an important factor in dissatisfaction and the feeling of relative deprivation. Thus, by attracting the attention of the authorities to the need fot making important and decisive decisions in line with the implementation of this right, it would be possible to manage and minimize any dissatisfaction and feeling of relative deprivation in society. Another solution is to pay attention to \ Article 27 of the Constitution, which is in accordance with Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and international standards, and if it was necessary to include other conditions, the honorable legislator would have predicted so. According to the international standards and the practice of certain countries (including Germany) which have recognized the mere notification of a peaceful protest rally to be sufficient, and considering the mandate of the constitution, if there is a protest rally without a permit, but notification has already been made, we should consider such a gathering as legal and provide the legal support of the government. Concerning the matter of the foundations of Islam which is a precondition for the legality of gatherings in Article 27, one should try to have an interoperation in line with the benefit of the nation to do public good, and instead of expanding the scope of the mentioned clause, try to limit its examples so that citizens can protest peacefully while maintaining observing a specific legal framework. Regarding the actions taken by the officials and officers’ executive actions, it must be mentioned that they should try to manage the peaceful protest gatherings as best as possible by exercising discretion and balancing between the interests and the results of their actions so that there is no room to violate the rights of the protesters as well as third parties. Now, according to the above-mentioned, the absence of a Constitutional Court is sensed even more than before, and with which many problems would be solved, including determining the matters that disturb the foundations of Islam and the need to take permission. Finally, in the international arena, the lack of an Asian human rights institution or a court to manage and exert pressure on the governments of the region to meet their human rights obligations is felt more than ever. Considering the fact that most of the governments in the region are Islamic, it is a good idea to look for theinherent dignity of people and human rights in international documents instead of referring to the religion of Islam and especially the Holy Quran. On the other hand, with the expansion of the interactions and relations between countries, the existence of such an institution can solve many problems and fill many legal gaps.
Public Law
Ayat Mulaee; Maedeh Soleymani Dinani
Abstract
Introduction
The constitution, as the supreme law of a nation, ensures the rule of law and citizens’ rights, protects human rights, and reduces the likelihood of arbitrary government actions. The establishment of the constitution is commonly considered the most effective means of upholding ...
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Introduction
The constitution, as the supreme law of a nation, ensures the rule of law and citizens’ rights, protects human rights, and reduces the likelihood of arbitrary government actions. The establishment of the constitution is commonly considered the most effective means of upholding constitutional values and protecting the individual’s fundamental rights. However, the absence of a written document of the constitution does not necessarily imply the absence of the rule of law or of the guarantee of human rights or even of control over government actions. Nor does it conclusively indicate the full implementation of constitutional principles and values in societies governed by a written constitution. Therefore, the concept of constitutional law and the associated principles extend beyond written documents. It is now recognized that the written constitution is not the sole authoritative source of constitutional norms. Yet going beyond legal formalism and embracing the institution of the unwritten constitution requires careful examination of its foundations and functions. Simply incorporating this concept without critical reflection on its origin and functions risks incomplete understanding. The contemporary conception of the constitution is imbued with its unwritten norms, so overlooking this aspect of any legal system results in a flawed understanding of the constitution. However, introducing ideas and concepts into the national legal system requires a thorough understanding of their origins and foundations, as well as the consideration of the feasibility of aligning domestic institutions with new concepts. Otherwise, newly introduced concepts may create a patchwork in political and legal structures, thus adversely affecting society and causing significant harm. To attain a precise understanding and prevent potential abuses, emerging concepts in public law, such as the unwritten constitution, must be rigorously analyzed and explored with an eye to their origin.
Upon closer analysis, it becomes clear that the concept of unwritten constitution is not boundless, but rather operates within a specific framework and scope. Failing to grasp the foundations of this concept and inadequately explaining it can lead to increased reliance on discretionary opinions, thus causing ambiguity over the nature of practices, procedures, and rules within the constitutional law system. Consequently, certain political practices or actions may erroneously be considered part of the constitution— albeit in an unwritten form—and subsequently legitimized by being foregrounded in the political arena. Concerning the unwritten constitution, there are some scholarly efforts to clarify and dispel ambiguity surrounding this concept, yet it remains relatively unexplored in the Iranian context. There is thus a need to examine the foundations of legitimacy of the unwritten constitution, and distinguish it from merely political and ephemeral principles, rules, and procedures. In this respect, the present study tried to gain a deeper understanding of the unwritten constitution as a legal institution, shedding light on its most significant foundations through description and analysis. It aimed to address the following research question: What is the origin and source of legitimacy of the principles, regulations, and norms that do not derive their authority from the text of the constitution but nonetheless underpin the rights and freedoms enshrined in the text?
Materials and Methods
As a descriptive–analytical inquiry, the present study used a library research method and note-taking to collect the data from different sources in order to examine the foundations of legitimacy of the unwritten constitution.
Results and Discussion
The research highlighted the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of the unwritten constitution, as a relatively nascent concept within Iran’s constitutional law system. Such an understanding would necessitate the examination of foundations of constitutional legitimacy and their analysis beyond the confines of the national constitutional framework. The approach or methodology employed in identifying the nature of the constitution plays a crucial role in narrowing down or broadening its scope and substance. For example, the formalist approach would focus on the structure and contents as delineated in the codified document, with the constitution being perceived as synonymous with its official, written provisions. The approach towards constitutional legitimacy can significantly influence both interpretation and implementation of the constitution. Therefore, adopting an extratextual approach and embracing the overarching concept of the constitution beyond its textual confines can open pathways to a broader scope of individual and public rights and freedoms.
Consider, for instance, the reason-based legitimacy approach, which rests upon the justice or efficacy of constitutional provisions. This approach bridges the divide between constitutional theory and practice, bolstering the legitimacy of unwritten principles and values. From this perspective, the constitution derives its validity and legitimacy not from its form nor the procedure of ratification, but rather from its substantive content and valuable objectives. Consequently, the legitimacy of the unwritten constitution rests upon the same fundamental principles and substance codified in the written constitution.
Across all legal systems, it is inevitable to acknowledge the presence of an additional layer of the unwritten law alongside the written one. Unwritten principles exert influence on the implementation of written regulations, thereby limiting or broadening their scope. In this context, it becomes crucial to delve into the foundational reasons underpinning the binding nature of the unwritten constitution. The binding nature is rooted in the substantive realization of the rule of law, reliance on the requirements of natural and human rights, as well as the roles of key judicial bodies and the public in acknowledging and endorsing true principles and values of the constitution. This can delineate the boundaries of the unwritten constitution.
Conclusion
It is thus necessary to take heed of the concept of the unwritten constitution and its status within any legal system. The failure to provide a proper explanation of this concept can lead to increased discretionary opinions and decisions, thus causing ambiguity over the nature of practices, procedures, and rules within the constitutional law system. There is a risk that certain practices or official statements, when foregrounded in the political arena, might erroneously be perceived as integral components of the unwritten constitution, thereby gaining undue prominence.
International Law
Mohsen Abdollahi; Seyed Reza Hosseini
Abstract
Introduction The right to self-determination could be applied in situations aiming to prevent crimes against humanity that are subject to the responsibility to protect. Generally, governments that violate the right to self-determination of their people, including minority groups, are more prone to committing ...
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Introduction The right to self-determination could be applied in situations aiming to prevent crimes against humanity that are subject to the responsibility to protect. Generally, governments that violate the right to self-determination of their people, including minority groups, are more prone to committing these heinous crimes. The doctrine of the responsibility to protect seeks to establish a responsible government toward its citizens; The protection aspect of the doctrine has been discussed in this research, which does not necessarily include intervention. Adhering to human rights standards and exercising the right to self-determination in the framework of the responsibility to protect is a foundation to prevent situations that can lead to atrocities and widespread violations of human rights. Thus, this can be considered as the link between the right to self-determination and the responsibility to protect. Literature ReviewThe right to self-determination of people has been an important subject of much legal research as a fundamental principle of international law. On the other hand, the responsibility to protect is also among the attractive topics of international law as a new doctrine. The two notions have been separately discussed by researchers such as Antonio Cassese, Jörg Fisch, Yasmine Nahlawi, and Stacey Henderson.It can be claimed that the subject of this article which is an updated version of the corresponding author’s master’s thesis, is an innovative topic in the international law literature and has not been explored before. MethodologyFirstly, a descriptive research method has been used for this research i.e., the characteristics and aspects of the right to self-determination and the responsibility to protect have been discussed separately. Secondly, based on the legal research method, the governments’ experiences in different situations have been observed to reach the final research result regarding the commonalities of these two notions. ResultsFrom the international law’s point of view, the internal aspect of the right to self-determination is an erga omnes rule, and its external dimension has been accepted as a jus cogens rule.However, it should be noted that a separatist interpretation of the right to self-determination has no place in the current system of international law. International legal doctrines, governments’ stances, and international documents always emphasize on the importance and priority of the principle of territorial integrity. Further, international peace and security requires that separatist interpretations not be supported. ConclusionToday, respecting human rights and, most importantly, the right to self-determination is a global matter and the international community should contribute to its realization. The right to self-determination can be realized indirectly under the doctrine of responsibility to protect. In other words, the right to self-determination can be applied as a means of preventing the occurrence of crimes that are subject to the responsibility to protect doctrine, and in this regard, the international community can assist and take measures and put them on its agenda to ensure the exercise of this right.The responsibility to protect emphasizes the primary responsibility of governments and the international community to assist other countries in carrying out their sovereign duties and only refers to the element of intervention at the last stage. the international community should come to the understanding that non-interventionist measures and international aid to the governments have a fundamental role and importance in supporting people and strengthening them and are to the benefit of international peace and security. The application of the responsibility to protect in Libya and the remedial secession in Kosovo showed how ineffective and destructive under-developed legal theories can be in practice.On the other hand, the doctrine of responsibility to protect suffers from a lack of clear criteria for intervention which is a problem that the international community should take steps to resolve. In many cases, powerful countries, especially the permanent members of the Security Council, apply double standards towards human rights issues. So, in order to prevent similar tragedies and protect the citizens, the international community should set clear and thorough standards regarding human rights issues and make them binding. However, it should be noted that the concept of cultural diversity should be taken into account In the process of formulating standards because, in issues related to human rights, no fixed standard that could be applied to all.
Labor Law
Saeb Dast Peyman; Davoud Mohebbi; Ali Mashhadi
Abstract
1. IntroductionHuman rights such as the right to life, the right to health, the right to work and social security, and the right to a healthy environment call for supporting workers of arduous or hazardous jobs in forms of their right to enjoy a proper, healthy and hygienic work environment and support ...
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1. IntroductionHuman rights such as the right to life, the right to health, the right to work and social security, and the right to a healthy environment call for supporting workers of arduous or hazardous jobs in forms of their right to enjoy a proper, healthy and hygienic work environment and support during work and retirement. Clinical occupations have specifically been designated as arduous or hazardous occupations by the legislator's decree and its employees have been further supported. Unfortunately, because the mentioned employees work in different governmental and non-governmental sectors and that they are under different laws and regulations including different provisions depending on the relevant sector, different procedures have been adopted to support these employees which causes discrimination between people who have the same jobs with similar conditions and with the same duties. Those covered by the labor and social security law retire with at least 20 consecutive years or 25 alternating years of employment experience and without meeting the minimum age requirement, those subject to National Employment Laws and related regulations retire with at least 25 years of employment experience in non-specialized jobs and 30 years in specialized jobs, Azad University employees retire by having at least 20 years of employment experience, workers subjected to the Administrative Regulation for Employment and Organization of Non-faculty Employees of the University of Medical Sciences and Healthcare Services of the Country retire with 25 years of employment experience, and the employees of the armed forces retire with at least 20 years of employment experience. Therefore, extending the conditions of amendment 2 of Article 76 of the Social Security Law 1380 to all those working in arduous or hazardous clinical jobs can be considered a way forward. Literature ReviewSo far, no article has been written about supporting those working in arduous or hazardous clinical jobs. MethodologyDescriptive/analytical/exploratory research methods will be used in writing this research. Also, the method of collecting information in the upcoming research will be library research. Other methods of collecting information such as field research and questionnaires will not be used. ConclusionThe table below demonstrates the different approaches to supporting those working in arduous or hazardous clinical jobs based on the governmental and non-governmental sectors and the different applicable rules to the mentioned sectors: Therefore, this system has caused discrimination between people who are employed in the same jobs with the same conditions and with the same description of duties which necessitates the initiative of the legislator to solve it.
International Law
Amineh Moaiedian
Abstract
freedom of people in determining their own destiny is a value first raised during the French Revolution in the form of a general concept called “the right of the people to determine their destiny” and was later pointed at internationally in different ways by statesmen such as Lenin and Wilson. ...
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freedom of people in determining their own destiny is a value first raised during the French Revolution in the form of a general concept called “the right of the people to determine their destiny” and was later pointed at internationally in different ways by statesmen such as Lenin and Wilson. This right was developed to discard of the old approach in the international arena i.e., the state-oriented tendency in international interactions.According to the old approach, the international community was made up of states which essentially pursued the political interests of their leaders. In fact, the relations between the governments resulted in the relations between the ruling groups who considered the interests of their citizens only when they were threatened by foreign powers or only when the protection of the citizen’s interests was directly related to the interests of the country's leaders. On the contrary, self-determination means that individuals and nations have a say in the international arena. Governments with sovereignty can no longer oppress nations freely and can't take over territory without considering the wishes of the beneficiary population. People should also play a role in domestic and foreign relations. Self-determination, as a democratic principle, requires the consent of the governed meaning the people must always have the right to freely choose their rulers.Therefore, institutionalization and gradual legalization of this right, especially after World War I, gave a new concept to domestic and global relations. This right, which was first created in order to support the nations under colonialism, gradually extended its scope of protection to human groups under the domination of racist regimes, as well as the protection of religious, linguistic, and in general, all cultural minorities, and ultimately all peoples and nations. Paragraph 2 of Article 1 of the United Nations Charter states one of the goals of this organization is to establish friendly relations between nations with respect for equal rights and the right to self-determination. This goal is also repeated in Article 55 of this document.In addition to recognition of this right in the United Nations Charter, the well-known Declaration On the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, also known as the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 approved by the General Assembly in 1960, while calling for the end of colonialism and the domination of foreign nations, emphasized that the nations have the right to determine their own destiny and to freely determine their political status and pursue their economic, social and cultural development.This concept is also repeated in Article 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. These documents were approved in 1966 by the General Assembly Resolution A/2200. It is noteworthy that the Human Rights Committee's General Interpretation No. 12 of Article 1 of the Covenants also mentions the right to determine the destiny of nations and highlights its importance to guarantee, and effectively respect, individual human rights. The principle of equal rights and self-determination for the people is also stated in the Friendly Relations Declaration of 1970[1]. All the above-mentioned documents indicate that the principle of self-determination is an internationally recognized right.According to international law, the Afghan nation has the right to self-determination. Therefore, they have the right to freely determine their political status and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development, in front of the ruling body from an internal perspective and also, from an external perspective, in front of other nations in the world. Furthermore, respecting this fundamental human right is considered a general obligation for all members of the international community, the violation of which entails responsibilities for transgressors. Therefore, with the establishment of the Taliban government, the question arises as to whether the right to self-determination of the Afghan people has been properly exercised, and have other governments fulfilled their commitment to the rights of the Afghan people in this regard? The current research has explored this issue using the descriptive-analytical method. At First glance, it appears that the self-proclaimed government of the Islamic Emirate has not only violated the right of the Afghan people to choose their political structure but is imposing its power on the Afghan nation by widely violating even more of their human rights. Despite all this, it, unfortunately, has the explicit and implicit support of some members of the international community, contrary to their erga omnes commitment.[1]. Full title: Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.
International Law
zahra sadat shareq; Hossein Rezazadeh
Abstract
Seafaring is one of the risky jobs that needs more support and attention from governments and the international community. Human rights apply at sea as they do on land. Since the abuse of human rights at sea is not as tangible as it is on land, it has not received much attention from the international ...
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Seafaring is one of the risky jobs that needs more support and attention from governments and the international community. Human rights apply at sea as they do on land. Since the abuse of human rights at sea is not as tangible as it is on land, it has not received much attention from the international community. However, due to the importance of the role of shipping in international trade and, consequently, the role of seafarers in this industry, this group should be given more attention. Accordingly, international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as ILO (International Labor Organization) pave the way for protecting seafarers' rights by developing international documents.The most important international document by the ILO is the Maritime Labor Convention. The Maritime Labor Convention (2006) is often described as the "Seafarers' Labor Rights Charter". This convention places responsibility on the flag state and the port state as well as the labor supply state.The unfavorable working conditions of seafarers, due to the temporary nature of their work and the lack of effective implementation of domestic and international laws by the flag state, put seafarers in a bad situation. Seafarers' rights depend on where the ship is registered. Examining the policies of the governments that grant convenience flags and paying attention to the cases in which even the seafarers’ basic rights are ignored, it is evident that joining international documents on behalf of these governments is a tool for them to present a positive image in the international community.On one hand, lack of implementation of a monitoring mechanism on seafarers' rights and international agreements and documents leads to the violation of international obligations. On the other hand, the seizure of ships by the coastal states for various reasons and detention of the crews, in a country whose laws are not familiar, may further result in the violation of seafarers' rights. Whereas the expansion of the use of convenience flags places more prominence on the role of the coastal government to enforce the rights of seafarers.The coastal government plays an important role in observing the rights of seafarers based on the Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Maritime Labor Convention, and the Tokyo and Paris Memorandum. In addition, for the effective implementation of seafarers' rights, there are international organizations such as FAO, IMO, and ILO that aid in this path, in addition to better and more cooperation with non-governmental organizations such as the "Human Rights at Sea".Obviously, rights have a limited value if it is not implemented in practice. So how can seafarers guarantee the implementation of their rights? Or in case of violation, how is it possible to compensate? As said before, the rights of seafarers are described in international conventions and treaties, the ILO conventions allow seafarers to learn about their rights and encourage the government to implement laws and regulations to protect them, but the mentioned documents lack a guarantee to oblige governments to implement them and so, there is no monitoring and reporting mechanism for human rights violations at sea. The monitoring mechanism should be available for the crew to sue the violation of their human rights.It seems that the establishment of competent maritime courts and the possibility of access to these courts can guarantee the observance of seafarers' rights. Although the establishment of competent courts is an important step in promoting respect for human rights, the establishment of competent courts will not be effective without experts who are familiar with the rules of international law and the law of the seas. There is hope that the establishment of the Maritime Court along with the approval of the "Commercial Shipping Law" will improve the respect and enforcement of seafarers' rights in Iran. It is better for the judges and experts of this specialized court to be familiar with the principles and rules of international law of the seas and other branches related to international law, including human rights. In other words, the establishment of courts with exclusive jurisdiction and the presence of judges and legal experts with sufficient knowledge in the field of international law of the seas and familiarity with the principles and rules of international law can have a significant impact on protecting the rights of seafarers. In this paper, we use the descriptive-analytical method and library resources as well as electronic resources such as books, articles, theses, and official conferences related to the subject (regional and international) in Persian and English languages.
zahra sadat shareq; Hossein Rezazadeh
Abstract
Since non-compliance with human rights at sea is not tangible to what is happening on land, it doesnot receive much attention from the international community. While human rights must be taken into account at sea as much as they are on land. Given the fragmentation in international law, the relationship ...
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Since non-compliance with human rights at sea is not tangible to what is happening on land, it doesnot receive much attention from the international community. While human rights must be taken into account at sea as much as they are on land. Given the fragmentation in international law, the relationship of human rights and law of the sea has provided the necessary grounds for the humanization of the law of the sea. One of the reasons for the fragmentation in international law is the creation of self-contained regimes. Undoubtedly, among these systems are human rights and law of sea, each of which has its own resources and mechanisms, and the collision of these systems with each other in the international system is inevitable. The interaction of the law of the sea with human rights can be seen as an opportunity to develop international law in order to further develop the rule of law. The purpose of the law of the sea is to regulate the relations of states at sea, but our intention is to go in the opposite direction and write about the relation between individual and state in this arena and the interaction between human rights and the law of the sea.
Seyed Fazlollah Mousavi; Hamidreza Oraee
Abstract
Human rights is an important component of international law today. Dealing with and acting against the fundamental human rights breaches of states as one of the actors in international law is a task that has not yet been achieved in the global arena. However, regional judicial mechanisms have been able ...
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Human rights is an important component of international law today. Dealing with and acting against the fundamental human rights breaches of states as one of the actors in international law is a task that has not yet been achieved in the global arena. However, regional judicial mechanisms have been able to partially meet this demand. The European continent has managed to develop an advanced judicial structure to combat human rights abuses within its borders. However, sovereignty, in its traditional sense, which does not accept any interference within its borders, may create conflicts in the way of dealing with human rights violation. In the article the question: Is the focus of the regional judicial mechanism in Europe is on sovereignty or human rights? has been answered. To this end, the important cases before the European Court of Human Rights, as well as the content of the founding documents and the manner in-which the judicial system operates, were examined, and it was concluded that: The focus of the regional judicial mechanism in Europe, as the pioneer of the use of regional legal instruments on human rights issues, is more on human rights than sovereignty.
Iraj Babaei; Morteza Torabi
Abstract
With the development of human rights in all aspects of human life, its impact on private law (horizontal relationship) and consequently on contract law cannot be denied. Human dignity has two individual and social aspects according to human nature. Human social dignity expresses rights such as freedom ...
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With the development of human rights in all aspects of human life, its impact on private law (horizontal relationship) and consequently on contract law cannot be denied. Human dignity has two individual and social aspects according to human nature. Human social dignity expresses rights such as freedom of employment, freedom of education, freedom of expression, freedom of religion and freedom of access to information that are necessary for social life in a democratic society. Regardless of which generation of human rights these rights are, the main question is how these rights apply in contractual relations and whether it is possible to waive or violate any of the rights enumerated through the contract. In this regard, while analyzing different opinions in the case of some European countries and the European Court of Human Rights, it can be said that in Iranian law, these rights are among the general civil rights that cannot be revoked by contract, even in part, and in case of violation of the mentioned rights, the result will be the annulment of all or part of the contract.
Mehryat Dashab; Sara Davarpour
Abstract
Historically, the framework for the Global Compact on Migration is founded in UN development, in particular Goal 10.7 of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. The Global Compact on Migration (2018) as the first attempt to provide international migration governance with a comprehensive framework seeks ...
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Historically, the framework for the Global Compact on Migration is founded in UN development, in particular Goal 10.7 of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. The Global Compact on Migration (2018) as the first attempt to provide international migration governance with a comprehensive framework seeks to introduce correctives hereto, and facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well managed migration policies. It insists on realigning state practices with internationally agreed standards. This paper seeks to explain the legal nature of the Compact and analyze the position of first and second generations of human rights in it, at the same time express the proponents and opponents view.s Finally, the main approach of this paper is that, although the compact is non-binding but the emphasis on the rules of different generations of human rights mentioned in other fundamental documents in the form of Global Compact has led to its customary provisions binding to States..
mostafa fazaeli; Seyed Mojtaba Shakeri
Abstract
There are occasions when several human rights are to be enforced at the same time, but the exercise of all may not be possible in certain circumstances i. e., exercising a right by violating another one, known as the "conflict of human rights". In today’s world, where human rights are a concern ...
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There are occasions when several human rights are to be enforced at the same time, but the exercise of all may not be possible in certain circumstances i. e., exercising a right by violating another one, known as the "conflict of human rights". In today’s world, where human rights are a concern of governments and international organizations, and these rights have established a fundamental place in international documents and rules, the "conflict of human rights" would be regarded as a major challenge for the executives, including governments and the judiciary. Therefore, adopting a method to prevent or eliminate this challenge is vital. Achieving a suitable solution to face this challenge requires an explanation of the concept of human rights and awareness of its divisions, including absolute and non-derogable rights. A review of these divisions illustrates the point of conflict, which will help to resolve the dispute henceforth. In this article, while analyzing various solutions that have been proposed for resolving this problem, it is indicated that in different cases, depending on their circumstances, it is necessary to adopt a suitable solution or a combination of several ones to achieve the best result.
ata allah salehi
Abstract
Sometimes the experience of women is an unpleasant combination of marginalization, violence and cultural domination. To ethically encounter with this situation, one approach is equality; however, its content is controversial due to its open source text. Equality is a descriptive concept, and normative; ...
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Sometimes the experience of women is an unpleasant combination of marginalization, violence and cultural domination. To ethically encounter with this situation, one approach is equality; however, its content is controversial due to its open source text. Equality is a descriptive concept, and normative; within the form of a descriptive concept, it refers to a descriptive relationship between two individuals who are similar in some respects. In the normative sense, that belongs to the world of credit and prescribes a particular behavior to all, it is related to our understanding of what should be and is based on desired value which is often "justice". In international law, among the three discourses of equality (capabilities, rights and human capital), the rights is recognized in the framework of the primary rules and through treaties, custom and judicial procedures, which are the formal sources of this legal system, but fails in the actual sources of international law and its secondary rules .This research, by descriptive-analytic approach, shows equality as a legal general principle; its forms, and its relation to the concepts such as discrimination, difference, agency, empowerment and investigates its position among the primary and secondary rules of international law.
Massoud Alizadeh
Abstract
Coronavirus crisis that began since November 2019 in China influenced the entire World rapidly. This crisis provoked some important questions regarding its legal aspects. One of these questions was about the duty of States in realm of individuals’ rights. Due diligence in international law should ...
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Coronavirus crisis that began since November 2019 in China influenced the entire World rapidly. This crisis provoked some important questions regarding its legal aspects. One of these questions was about the duty of States in realm of individuals’ rights. Due diligence in international law should be considered a key notion for regulation of States’ behavior concerning the coronavirus crisis. Content of this flexible principle as a conduct rule is not a new innovation. No-harm rule as corollary of that principle could be described as an appropriate framework in regulating the conduct of States regarding their neighbors during Covid-19 outbreak. States’ obligations for respecting the human fundamental rights as a key point have been studied in this article. The shadow of due diligence principle on fulfillment of International Health Regulation by States has been the core of this study.
Hossein Rezazadeh; abbasali kadkhodaii
Abstract
International Environmental Law is one of the branches of international law that has been developed several decades ago, especially after 1970. Since then, the process of humanization of international law has begun and extended to various branches of international law. The humanization of international ...
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International Environmental Law is one of the branches of international law that has been developed several decades ago, especially after 1970. Since then, the process of humanization of international law has begun and extended to various branches of international law. The humanization of international law had begun with an individual-oriented approach, and changed to humankind-approach afterwards, which means it seeks to achieve common high goals among all humanity as a whole. International environmental law is one of the branches of international law that is influenced by this process and based on objective and subjective factors in the environmental field has a humankind-approach. To the authors, the influence of the dignity elements on the basis of invoking to human dignity in the field of environmental law and human dignity capacities, has led to humanist and the humankind-approach of environmental law.
Homayoun Habibi; keivan eghbali
Abstract
Corruption must be considered as One of Most Important Obstacles for Realization of Some Aspect of the Human Rights in the Modern Societies, Especially Right to Development. Concentration of Public Power and Wealth in Hand of a Few People, lack of accountable in Front of Public and Lack of Transparency ...
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Corruption must be considered as One of Most Important Obstacles for Realization of Some Aspect of the Human Rights in the Modern Societies, Especially Right to Development. Concentration of Public Power and Wealth in Hand of a Few People, lack of accountable in Front of Public and Lack of Transparency in Activities of Governors are between Most Important Roots of Corruption. So, Prevention of such a Concentration, Ability to Interpellation of Governors by Citizens and Transparency in activities of These People could Have Very Positive Effect on Fight against Corruption. But Providing the Mentioned Situations Rely Heavily on Realization of Public Participation in Political, Social, Economic and Cultural Affairs of Their Society and Its Tools such as Right to Elect and to be Elected, Powerful Civil Society and Free Access to Information. However, Public Participation is an Ultimate Goal of Internal Self-determination, Which Means Ability of Every Person to Participate in Decision Making in Political, Social, Economic and Cultural Affairs of his/her Society. Therefore, Internal Self-determination Became an Effective Approach for Fight against Corruption and Elimination of Its Substances and as a Result, as a Facilitator for access to Human Rights, Especially Right to Development
Abstract
Fight to terrorism is very necessary and states always use their power to fight this phenomenon. Anti-terroristic action are being taken under the society`s general benefits and in this way, the personal human rights is being intervened and violated some time. For instance, the citizens` privacy is being ...
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Fight to terrorism is very necessary and states always use their power to fight this phenomenon. Anti-terroristic action are being taken under the society`s general benefits and in this way, the personal human rights is being intervened and violated some time. For instance, the citizens` privacy is being violated in order to fight and prevent the terroristic attacks. As recently Europe is under the crisis of severe migration and some terroristic acts, and consequently the states inevitably restrict some aspects of right to privacy, this paper is seeking to evaluate the states` practice according to the European convention of human rights and in accordance with the European court of human rights` practice and respond whether it is possible to sacrifice the fundamental human rights to fighting terrorism. Finally, according to the European convention of human rights and the European court of human rights` case law besides the guidelines of council of Europe, under special circumstances, we could respect the right to privacy and decrease this right`s scope limitedly and temporarily in order to pursue important purposes like maintaining the society as a whole or following the important social needs.
abbas Mirshekari; marzieh mokhtari; javad farahani
Abstract
The paper is trying to show on the existing potential of Articles 2nd and 3rd of Iranian Constitution as ones of basic principles for defining the issue of citizenship and in order to representing the capacity of above mentioned articles for forming construction of the system of citizenship rights – ...
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The paper is trying to show on the existing potential of Articles 2nd and 3rd of Iranian Constitution as ones of basic principles for defining the issue of citizenship and in order to representing the capacity of above mentioned articles for forming construction of the system of citizenship rights – encompassing general guaranties of recognition, improvement, protection and ensuring the rights and freedoms for every citizen. we examine if the theoretical model of citizenship cube and its doctrinal basis is applicable to explain and interpret the aforesaid articles and also, to comprehend some complex layers and dimensions thereof. According to the citizenship-oriented theories, one side of the cube is consisted from five elements of citizenship, i.e. civil and legal, social, political, virtue-related and identity-related aspects. The other side of the cube is composed from functional networks or, in other words, the geographical levels of citizenship including local, provincial, statistical, regional and universal levels. And the last side is shaped from educating citizenship capacities covering levels of knowledge and skill. It is to argue that some contents of the Articles can be creatively employed to propose citizenship cube and to provide the legal capacity for understanding the model within the Constitution.
Abstract
Literary and artistic property law (copyright), in addition to the creation of exclusive right for author or owner and to prohibit others from its unauthorized use, with the conviction that this exclusive right limits public domain and in some cases, can hinder the development or cause to be ignoring ...
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Literary and artistic property law (copyright), in addition to the creation of exclusive right for author or owner and to prohibit others from its unauthorized use, with the conviction that this exclusive right limits public domain and in some cases, can hinder the development or cause to be ignoring human rights. It also puts some of works including governmental information -that its access and usage is a part of human rights- into the public domain and excludes from the scope of protection. Berne Convention, by taking public interest in consideration, has made member States free to choose in the extension of the protection resulting copyright to this category of works and information. States following this logic and with the permission mentioned in the Berne Convention, by taking into account their national circumstances and interests have adopted a balanced position in support of this information and have excluded this information wholly or partially from the scope of protection. In this study, the Berne Convention, the provisions of European Union, U.S., France, Great Britain (according to different approaches) and Iran have been studied and while approving the compatibility of Iran’s new approach of legislative with Berne Convention, some suggestions are presented.
Abstract
The rule of law meaning to limitation of arbitrary power and conservation of fundamental individual rights and freedoms , is one of the democracy foundations. The Rule of law in international level is instrument for preservation of international peace and promotion of human rights. In attention to structure ...
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The rule of law meaning to limitation of arbitrary power and conservation of fundamental individual rights and freedoms , is one of the democracy foundations. The Rule of law in international level is instrument for preservation of international peace and promotion of human rights. In attention to structure and realities of international community , apply of rule of law differently in international level, therefore elements of rule of law such as determinacy , generality , clarity , stability, equality before the law and … must explain differently in international community. In addition to , horizontal structure and absence of compulsory jurisdiction and judicial review for the courts , don’t allow a regime based on the constitution. In this thesis , authors in the one hand explain to position of rule of law in international level and the other review of present challenges for the conservation and promotion of rule of law in international system
niloofar saeedi; pouria askary
Abstract
International human rights NGOs undertake a wide range of activities to monitor the implementation of human rights in all parts of the world. These organizations, inter alia, gather information of human rights violations, protect victims of abuses and also pave the way for cooperation or in some cases ...
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International human rights NGOs undertake a wide range of activities to monitor the implementation of human rights in all parts of the world. These organizations, inter alia, gather information of human rights violations, protect victims of abuses and also pave the way for cooperation or in some cases encounter with those States or non-state entities which have violated their international commitments and obligations. International NGOs, by shaping the public opinion and provide technical support for human rights education programs, work to promote and protect the international norms of human rights. NGOs, have almost succeeded to stabilize their place in international judicial and criminal system and in many occasions accompany the victims as amicus curiae or even in certain cases they participate in the hearings as the complainant. Furthermore, in recent years, they have had an important role in initiating the formulation of drafts of most of the human rights treaties and have encouraged the States to ratify these international instruments. This article has a descriptive and analytical approach and aims to present an overall overview of the recent developments.
Mohammad Javad Javid; mostafa Shafizadeh Kholenjani
Abstract
Nowadays, it is very common to simply talk about the "relativity" of human rights. Perhaps this relativistic approach might be the unintended consequence of a situational looking at human rights. Since there is no common and correct boundary between the human rights and civil rights, it has inevitably ...
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Nowadays, it is very common to simply talk about the "relativity" of human rights. Perhaps this relativistic approach might be the unintended consequence of a situational looking at human rights. Since there is no common and correct boundary between the human rights and civil rights, it has inevitably fallen into the trap of relativism that had been opposed to its primary and universal objective. This boundary which paves the way for any relativistic interpretation of international instruments makes the assumption of the present article. Therefore, given the relativity of human rights, it may not be deemed universal. To this end, this paper goes on to establish a universal law based on the recognition of an anthropology of human rights in which in every age and every place, the essence of human nature is deemed.
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Ahmadi; Alireza Naseri; Morteza Ghasem Abadi
Abstract
According to the extremity-centered attitude of human, freedom of expression is
a requirement for the individual independence of human being as an essential
end, so the restrictions on which should be determined within the framework of
the essential exception. Freedom stands in the realm of the natural ...
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According to the extremity-centered attitude of human, freedom of expression is
a requirement for the individual independence of human being as an essential
end, so the restrictions on which should be determined within the framework of
the essential exception. Freedom stands in the realm of the natural rights and
restricting it in any manner is against that essential right. In the current age,
television can undoubtedly be utilized as one of the most powerful media in the
service of freedom of expression. However, at the same time, mal-use of this
device can offend both public and private rights. Therefore, restricting the
domain of activities for the TV channels is essential. In this regard, the
international documents of human rights have set restrictions for TV. The
Iranian legal system considers some restrictions for this matter too, some of
which are compatible with those prescribed in the international documents of
human rights and some others such as the Islamic rules and standards cannot be
found in any other international documents as the restrictions on freedom of
expression. It seems that the Guardian Council's interpretations of Articles 44
and 175 of the constitution are a kind of additional constraint on the freedom of
expression. In this paper, by conducting a comparative analysis on the said
documents, we analyze the restricions on form and nature of the freedom of
expression in the Islamic Republic of Iran’s Broadcasting Corporation
