نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی دانشگاه تهران، پردیس البرز، تهران، ایران
چکیده
حقوق بشر از مولفه‌های مهم حقوق بین‌الملل در عصر حاضر است. رسیدگی و برخورد با اقدامات خلاف حقوق بنیادین بشری دولت‌ها، بعنوان یکی از بازیگران حقوق بین‌الملل، وظیفه‌ای است که در حوزه جهانی هنوز به نتیجه نرسیده است. با این حال سازکارهای قضایی منطقه‌ای تا حدی توانسته است به این درخواست جامه عمل بپوشاند. قاره اروپا موفق شده است ساختار قضایی پیشرفته‌ای برای مقابله با نقض حقوق بشر دولت‌ها در محدوده خود طراحی کند. با این حال حاکمیت در مفهوم سنتی خود که هرگونه دخالت در چارچوب مرزهای خود را نمی‌پذیرد، می‌تواند چالشی در مقابل برخورد با نقض آن حقوق ایجاد کند. در این مقاله به این پرسش پاسخ داده شد که تمرکز سازکار قضایی منطقه‌ای در قاره اروپا بیشتر بر حاکمیت است یا حقوق بشر؟ برای نیل به این منظور، پرونده‌های مهم رسیدگی شده در نهاد قضایی حقوق بشری اروپا و همچنین محتوای اسناد تاسیس و مشخص کننده نحوه فعالیت این نهاد قضایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و این نتیجه بدست آمد که «سازکار قضایی منطقه‌ای در قاره اروپا، به عنوان پیشرو در عرصه نهادهای قضایی منطقه‌ای حقوق بشر، بر حقوق بشر تاکید بیشتری دارد».
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Judicial Mechanism of Human Rights in Europe, Supremacy is with Sovereignty or Human Rights
نویسندگان [English]
- Seyed Fazlollah Mousavi 1
- Hamidreza Oraee 2
1 University of Tehran Faculty of Law
2 Ph.D Student, International Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Human rights is an important component of international law today. Dealing with and acting against the fundamental human rights breaches of states as one of the actors in international law is a task that has not yet been achieved in the global arena. However, regional judicial mechanisms have been able to partially meet this demand. The European continent has managed to develop an advanced judicial structure to combat human rights abuses within its borders. However, sovereignty, in its traditional sense, which does not accept any interference within its borders, may create conflicts in the way of dealing with human rights violation. In the article the question: Is the focus of the regional judicial mechanism in Europe is on sovereignty or human rights? has been answered. To this end, the important cases before the European Court of Human Rights, as well as the content of the founding documents and the manner in-which the judicial system operates, were examined, and it was concluded that: The focus of the regional judicial mechanism in Europe, as the pioneer of the use of regional legal instruments on human rights issues, is more on human rights than sovereignty.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Europe
- Human Rights
- Sovereignty
- Judicial Mechanism
- the European court of human rights
Books
- Cançado Trindade, Antônio Augusto, The Construction of a Humanized International Law: A Collection of Individual Opinions (Tokyo: Hotei Publishing, 2014).
- Coleman, Nils, European Readmission Policy: Third Country Interests and Refugee Rights (Leiden: BRILL, 2009).
- Dupré, Catherine, The Age of Dignity: Human Rights and Constitutionalism in Europe (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016).
- Grover, Sonja C., The European Court of Human Rights as a Pathway to Impunity for International Crimes (Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2010).
- Guerrier, Claudine, Security and Privacy in the Digital Era (London: John Wiley & Sons, 2016).
- Hillebrecht, Courtney, Domestic Politics and International Human Rights Tribunals: The Problem of Compliance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
- Jansson, Dominika Borg, Modern Slavery: A Comparative Study of the Definition of Trafficking in Persons (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014).
- Kolb, Robert and Gloria Gaggioli, Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013).
- Bertrand, Mathieu, The Right to Life in European Constitutional and International Case-law (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2006).
- Nollkaemper, André & August Reinisch, Ralph Janik, Florentina Simlinger, International Law in Domestic Courts: A Casebook (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
- Shigeta, Yasuhiro, International Judicial Control of Environmental Protection: Standard Setting, Compliance Control, and the Development of International Environmental Law by the International Judiciary (South Holland: Kluwer Law International B.V., 2010).
- Tatu, Daniela Simona, Violence against Women: With an overview of the European Court of Human Rights’ Case-law (Milan: Key Editore, 2019).
- Wolfrum, Rüdiger and Ina Gätzschmann, International Dispute Settlement: Room for Innovations? (Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).
Articles
- Milanovic, Marko. “Sejdic and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 104, (2010), available at: https:// doi. org/ 10. 5305/ amerjintelaw. 104.4.0636.
- Peters, Anne, “Humanity as the A and Ω of Sovereignty”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 20, (2009), available at: http:// ejil.org/pdfs/20/3/1852.pdf.
- Schiemann, Konrad, “Europe and the Loss of Sovereignty”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 56, (2007), available at: https:// doi. org/ 10. 1093/ iclq/ lei179.
- Wachira, George Mukundi, “Sovereignty and the United States of Africa: Insights from the EU” ISS, Vol. 1, (2007), Available at: https:// journals. co. za/ content/ ispaper/ 2007/ 144/EJC48803.
- Zick, Timothy, “Are the States Sovereign?”, Washington University Law Quarterly, Vol. 83, (2005), Available at: https:// law. wm.edu/facpubs/275.
Cases
- Assanidzé versus Georgia, ECHR, (8 April 2004).
- Bayatyan versus Armenia, ECHR, (7 July 2011).
- Burdov versus Russia, ECHR, (7 May 2002).
- Cakir versus Belgium, ECHR, (10 March 2009).
- El-Masri versus “the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”, ECHR, (13 December 2012).
- Fadeyeva versus Russia, ECHR, (9 June 2005).
- Gurguchiani versus Spain, ECHR, (15 December 2009).
- Iglesias Gil and A.U.I. versus. Spain, ECHR, (29 April 2003).
- Khamila Isayeva versus Russia, ECHR, (15 November 2007).
- Opuz versus Turkey, ECHR, (9 June 2009).
- Rantsev versus Cyprus and Russia, ECHR, (7 January 2010).
- and Marper versus United Kingdom, ECHR, (4 December 2008).
- Salduz versus Turkey, ECHR, (27 November 2008).
- Schwabe and M.G. versus Germany, ECHR, (1st December 2011).
- Sejdić and Finci versus Bosnia and Herzegovina, ECHR, (22 December 2009).
- Selmouni versus France, ECHR, (28 July 1999).
- Siliadin versus France, ECHR, (26 July 2005).
- Soering versus United Kingdom, ECHR, (7 July 1989).
- Streletz, Kessler and Krenz versus Germany, ECHR, (22 March 2001).
- Sunday Times versus United Kingdom, ECHR, (no. 1) (26 April 1979).
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