نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• قدرت الله نوروزی ¹
• سید احمد حسینی نیا ²

¹ استادیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده علوم اداری و اقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

² دانش‌آموخته دکتری شهرسازی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

حق بر شهر از جمله حقوق شهروندی با ماهیت اجتماعی، سیاسی و حقوقی است که در آستانه پیوستن به حقوق بشر قرار دارد. این حق از مفاهیم جنجالی مطرح شده در دهه 1970 توسط هنری لوفور می‌باشد. این مفهوم در چند دهه گذشته مباحث حقوقی و شهری زیادی داشته و در عمل جنبش‌های اجتماعی متعددی را شکل داده که نتیجه آن صدور منشورهای حقوقی از جمله منشور جهانی حق بر شهر می‌باشد. هدف این مقاله، تدوین شاخص‌های تحقق حق بر شهر در اصفهان است. برای تدوین مولفه‌های آن از روش دلفی- خبره محور استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‏دهد تمام 16 مؤلفه مورد ارزیابی، اینگونه پذیرفته شده‌اند. به ترتیب در بُعد حکمرانی خوب شهری، حق مشارکت (3.9)، دسترسی به اطلاعات (3.65)، عدالت و برابری (3.59)، قانونمندی (3.38)، اثر بخشی و کارایی (3.29)، ثبات سیاسی و مبارزه با فساد (2.34)، در بُعد حفاظت در برابر خطر، حق سلامت و ایمنی (3.03)، مراقبت‌های خاص، (2.8) آمادگی اضطراری (2.46)، در بُعد کالبدی، حق امکانات  شهری (3.32)، مسکن (3.08)، تحرک و جابجایی (2.48)، در بُعد اجتماعی، حق کیفیت زندگی (3.55)، نیازهای اساسی (3.17)، آگاهی و مشارکت (2.87) و پیوستگی اجتماعی (2.61) بیشترین میانگین را  داشته‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• اجماع
• حق بر شهر
• خبره محور
• دلفی
• شهر اصفهان

موضوعات

• حقوق شهروندی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying the Dimensions, Components, and Indicators of the Right to the City: The Case of Isfahan City

نویسندگان [English]

• Ghodratollah Norouzi ¹
• Seyed Ahmad Hosseini Nia ²

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

² Ph.D, Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction

In the late 1960s, the concept of right to the city was introduced by the French theorist Henri Lefebvre. He viewed the city as a vast field, a dynamic stage for the realization of people’s aspirations, and a site where revolutions against the status quo unfold. According to Lefebvre, the conflicts and struggles that occur in urban spaces serve as a manifestation of the right to the city, which he sees as an advanced form of citizens’ rights. He argued that the right to the city is a kind of lawsuit, driven by citizens’ feelings within urban policies, and aimed at securing people’s rights. In addition to the right to participation, Lefebvre recognized the right of appropriation for citizens. These rights, he suggested, become accessible only when individuals move beyond their isolated existence and engage as active, participatory citizens. In this context, Lefebvre proposed the right to the city as the highest form of rights, encompassing all rights realized in urban life, including the right to freedom. When this right is universally acknowledged, it naturally encourages citizens to engage in its enjoyment and creation, fostering a sense of responsibility for controlling urban spatial and social relations. The idea of the right to the city has garnered considerable attention from theorists. This growing interest reflects how the right to the city has spurred numerous legal and urban discussions and, in practice, contributed to the emergence of social movements advocating for changes in economic policies and the protection of fundamental freedoms. The existence of numerous national laws, regulations, and international charters (e.g., the Universal Charter of the Right to the City) demonstrates the impact of these movements. Nevertheless, research indicates that the right to the city has been more extensively explored within urban engineering, urban planning, and sociology. It is thus essential to examine the topic from the legal perspective, given the increasing urbanization, the evolving needs of citizens, and the limitations of urban facilities. Moreover, the unbalanced development of cities, the challenges arising from marginalization, and the weak role of citizens in solving urban problems justify the need for legal scholars to prioritize this topic. These issues are also evident in Isfahan, Iran. For this reason, the present study aimed to examine the right to the city within the context of Isfahan.

Literature Review

The works of Henri Lefebvre and David Harvey are considered the primary references within the extensive literature on the topic. However, much of this literature originated from the efforts of non-legal experts. Concerning the Iranian context, Amerian (2015) explored the topic in his M.A. thesis titled The Project Impact Assessment of 15 Khordad Street Pedestrian With a Focus on the Right to the City Discourse. As another instance, The Right to the City (Eslami & Alizadegan, 2020) is a Persian-language monograph treatment of the topic. None of these works are directly related to the concern of the present study in offering the understanding of the right to the city by examining its theoretical foundations with a focus on the mainstream literature. As a result, this study offers significant innovations for legal scholars and provides distinct insights compared to other writings on the right to the city.

Materials and Methods

The present research used the consensus index method, derived from the Delphi model, to assess the consensus, significance, and priority of variables. The consensus index measures the level of agreement among experts regarding the direction of changes, the significance level, or other characteristics of the factors under study. In this method, expert opinions on various factors and drivers are collected to determine their level of consensus on the future direction of changes in drivers, the likelihood of different scenarios and drivers, and the prioritization of drivers. Concerning the data collection, extensive discussions and dialogues were held with a group of experts, and their opinions were collected independently of each other. Their views were then analyzed, and the conclusions were presented back to them. The experts, unaware of each other’s opinions, provided more detailed feedback in subsequent stages, considering the conclusions based on their own perspectives. Following the relevant standards, this process continued until the results were obtained. The results of expert opinions, along with the frequency of responses across different options, were analyzed using the consensus index formula. This formula yields a value between zero and ±N, depending on the number and spectrum of options. A value closer to zero indicates a lack of consensus among experts, while a higher value signifies greater consensus. The current research presented this innovative approach as a societal need, offering a perspective distinct from conventional legal studies.
 

Results and Discussion

The prioritization results were obtained based on the average score for each item. All 16 components evaluated by experts and stakeholders were recognized as relevant. In the dimension of good urban governance, the components with the highest average scores were the right to participation (3.9), the right to access information (3.65), the right to justice and equality (3.59), the right to the rule of law (3.38), the right to effectiveness and efficiency (3.29), and the right to political stability and the fight against corruption (2.34). In the dimension of protection from danger, the components with the highest average scores were the right to health and safety (3.03), the right to special care (2.8), and the right to emergency preparedness (2.46). In the physical dimension, the highest-scoring components included the right to urban facilities and infrastructure (3.32), the right to housing (3.08), and the right to mobility and transportation (2.48). Finally, in the social dimension, the components with the highest average scores were the quality of life (3.55), basic needs (3.17), awareness and participation (2.87), and social cohesion (2.61).

Conclusion

Focusing on the right to the city, this study examined what dimensions, components, and indicators should be considered in the metropolis of Isfahan to improve the quality of urban spaces. It investigated how the relationship between people and the political and real aspects of the city can be regulated while respecting the right to the city. Although this research focused on Isfahan, it can serve as a foundation and model for similar studies in other cities.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Right to the City
• Urban Landscape
• Henri Lefebvre
• David Harvey
• Participation