نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار حقوق بینالملل عمومی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا (نویسنده مسئول)

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بینالملل عمومی دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

مداخله نظامی ائتلاف عربی به رهبری عربستان سعودی در بحران یمن (2015) می‌تواند از زوایای مختلف در نظام حقوق بین‌الملل بررسی گردد. یکی از این زوایا، قواعد ثانویه حقوق بین‌الملل است که نقض قواعد اولیه حقوق بین‌الملل را تعیین و آثار و پیامدهای آن را مشخص می‌کند. اصولاً هر دولتی، مسئول فعل متخلفانه‌ای است که خود مرتکب آن شده اما ضروریات و اقتضائات دیگری همچون حاکمیت قانون و جبران خسارت طرف زیان‌دیده، ایجاب می‌کند تا در برخی وضعیت‌ها، دولتی در قبال فعل متخلفانه‌ی دولتی دیگر واجد مسئولیت باشد. یکی از این وضعیت‌ها، مسئولیت اشتقاقی ناشی از کمک یا مساعدت در ارتکاب تخلف بین‌المللی از جانب دولتی دیگر است. کاربرد مهمات خوشه‌ای از سوی دولت عربستان علیه مواضعی در یمن و چگونگی تسلیح این دولت به این مهمات توسط دولت/دولت‌های ثالث می‌تواند در پرتو مسئولیت بین‌المللی اشتقاقی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. این نوشتار، تلاش می‌کند با استفاده از مبانی این نوع از مسئولیت، مشخص کند که آیا دولت/دولت‌های ثالثی که عربستان را به سلاح‌های خوشه‌ای مجهز کرده‌اند بابت عمل این دولت مبنی بر کاربرد سلاح‌های خوشه‌ای مسئولیت دارند یا خیر.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Derived International Responsibility Resulted from Aid or Assistance with Emphasis on Case of Use of Cluster Munitions in Yemen

نویسندگان [English]

  • sattar azizi 1
  • Siamak Karimi 2

1

2 Tehran University

چکیده [English]

The Arab coalition’s military intervention in Yemen crisis (2015) which is led by Saudi Arabia can be studied through different aspects in the international law’s system. The secondary rules of international law which decide the breach of primary rules of international law and their consequences, is one of these aspects. Principally, each state is responsible for its own wrong doings, but in some cases, other considerations and necessities such as rule of law and reparation of injured party, requires a state to be held responsible regarding another state’s wrongful act. One of these cases is derived international responsibility which results from aiding or assisting another state which commits an international wrongful act. The use of cluster munitions by Saudi against positions in Yemen and armed this state with these munitions by third state/states could be examined in the light of the derived international responsibility. Using the principles of this type of responsibility, this article tries to resolve whether the third party state/states that have armed Saudi Arabia with cluster munitions, have responsibility in Saudis' usage of cluster weapons.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Derived International Responsibility
  • Complicity
  • Cluster Munitions
  • International Humanitarian Law
  • Distribution of Responsibility
) فارسی
کتاب
- ضیائی بیگدلی، محمدرضا. ( 1392 ). حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه، تهران: انتشارات
کتابخانه گنج دانش.
- ممتاز، جمشید و رنجبریان، امیرحسین. ( 1387 ). حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه: مخاصمات
مسلحانه داخلی، تهران: نشر میزان.
- ممتاز، جمشید و شایگان، فریده. ( 1392 ). حقوق بینالملل بشردوستانه در برابر چالشهای
مخاصمات مسلحانه عصر حاضر، تهران: شهر دانش.
مقاله
عسگری، پوریا و هنکرتز، ژان ،« اصل تفکیک و کاربرد تسلیحات » .( - تاورنیه، پل. ( 1392
ماری، مجموعه مقالات همایش حقوق بین المللی بشردوستانه عرفی، تهران: مجمع علمی و
فرهنگی مجد.
ب) انگلیسی
Books
- Aust, Helmut Philipp, (2011), Complicity and the Law of State
Responsibility, New York, Cambridge University Press.
-Borrie, John, (2009), Unacceptable Harm: A History of How the Treaty to
Ban Cluster Munitions was Won, New York and Geneva, United Nations
Institute for Disarmament Research.
-Breitegger, Alexander, (2012), Cluster Munitions and International Law:
Disarmament With a Human Face?, New York, Routledge.
- Brownlie, Ian, (1983), System of the Law of Nations: State Responsibility,
Part 1. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
-Crawford, James, (2013), State Responsibility: General Part, New York,
Cambridge University Press.
-Henckaerts, Jean-Marie & Doswald-Beck, Louise. (2005), Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Vol I: Rules, New York, Cambridge
University Press.
مسئولیت بینالمللی اشتقاقی ناشی از کمک یا مساعدت... 133
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), (2001), Explosive
Remnants of War: Cluster Bombs and Landmines in Kosovo, Geneva,
International Committee of the Red Cross.
- Jackson, Miles, (2015), Complicity in International Law, New York,
Oxford University Press.
-Monitor Mines Action Canada, (2009), Banning Cluster Munitions:
Government Policy and Practice, Ottawa, Monitor Mines Action Canada.
- Monitor Mines Action Canada, (2011), Cluster Munitions Monitor 2011,
Ottawa, Monitor Mines Action Canada.
- Nystuen, Gro & Casey-Maslen, Stuart, (2010), The Convention on Cluster
Munitions: A Commentary, New York, Oxford University Press.
-Tunkin, Grigorii Ivanovich, (1974), Theory on International Law, US,
Harvard University Press.
Articles
- Benvenuti, Paolo, (2001), “The ICTY Prosecutor and the Review of the
NATO Bombing Campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia”, EJIL,
Vol 12, No 3.
- Borrie, John & Cave, Rosy, (2006), “The Humanitarian Effects of Cluster
Munitions: Why Should We Worry?”, Disarmament Forum, Vol 4.
- Dominice, Christian, (2010), “Attribution of Conduct to Multiple States and
Implication of a State in the Act of another State”, in Crawford, James; Pellet,
Alain; Olleson, Simon, The Law of International Responsibility, New York,
Cambridge University Press.
- Graefrath, Bernhard, (1996), “Complicity in the Law of International
Responsibility”, Revue belge de droit international, Vol. 29.
- Gray, Christine, (2006), “The Eritrea/Ethiopia Claims Commission
Oversteps Its Boundaries: A Partial Award?”, EJIL, Vol. 17, No. 4.
- Lanovoy, Vladyslav, (2014), “Complicity in an Internationally Wrongful
Act”. in Nollkaemper, Andre; Plakokefalos, Ilias, Principles of Shared
Responsibility in International Law: An Appraisal of the State of the Art, UK,
Cambridge University Press.
-MacLeod, I.J & A.P.V. Rogers, (2007), “The Use of White Phosphorus and
Law of War”, in Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Hague, ASSER
Press.
-Nolte, Georg; Aust & Helmut Philipp, (2009), “Equivocal Helpers-
Complicit States Mixes Messages and International Law”, ICLQ, Vol. 58, No 3.
134 فصلنامه پژوهش حقوق عمومی، سال هجدهم، شماره 51 ، تابستان 95
-Orakhelashvili, Alexander, (2010), “Division of Reparation between
Responsible Entities”, in Crawford, James; Pellet, Alain; Olleson, Simon, The
Law of International Responsibility, New York, Cambridge University Press.
-Palchetti, Paolo, (2009), “State Responsibility in Genocide”, in Gaeta,
Paolo, The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary, New York, Oxford
University Press.
- Pellet, Alain, (2010), “Definition of Responsibility in International Law”, in
Crawford, James; Pellet, Alain; Olleson, Simon, The Law of International
Responsibility, New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Quigley, John, (1986), “Complicity in International Law: a New Direction
in the Law of State Responsibility”, BYIL, Vol 57 No 1).
- Raccuia, Daniel Joseph, (2011), “The Convention on Cluster Munitions: An
Incomplete Solution to the Cluster Munition Problem”, Vanderbilt Journal of
Transnational Law, Vol 44.
- Rappert, Brian & Moyes, Richard, (2009), “The Prohibition of Cluster
Munitions: Setting International Precedents for Defining Inhumanity”, The
Nonproliferation Review, Vol 16, No 2.
- Stern, Brigitte, (2010), “The Obligation to Make Reparation”, in Crawford,
James; Pellet, Alain; Olleson, Simon, The Law of International Responsibility,
New York, Cambridge University Press.
- Voon, Tania, (2001), “Pointing the Finger: Civilian Casualties of NATO
Bombing in the Kosovo Conflict”, American University International Law
Review, Vol 16, No 4.
- Wiebe, Virgil, (2008), “For Whom the Little Bells Toll: Recent Judgments
by International Tribunals on the Legality of Cluster Munitions”, Pepperdine
Law Review, Vol. 35, No 4.
منابع اینترنتی
-Human Rights Watch, (2009), A Dying Practice: Use of Cluster Munitions
by Russia and Georgia in August 2008, available at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/
default/files/reports/georgia0409webwcover_0.pdf. (Last Seen: 20 oct. 2015).
- Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, (2012), Cluster Munitions
Monitor 2012, available at: http://www.the-monitor.org/cmm/2012. (Last seen:
20 Oct.2015)