نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار دانشگاه حضرت معصومه(س)

چکیده

یکی از اقداماتی که گروه­های مسلح غیردولتی پس از تسلط بر یک منطقه انجام می­دهند، تشکیل دادگاه­ است تا در این محاکم با توجیه برقراری نظم و قانون به محاکمه نیروهای طرف مقابل، غیرنظامیان و گاه نیروهای خود اقدام نمایند. مشروعیت تشکیل چنین دادگاه­هایی از بُعد حقوق بشردوستانه بین‌المللی، حقوق بشر بین‌المللی و حقوق کیفری بین‌المللی قابل بحث است. تأمین بی­طرفی، استقلال، رعایت تضمینات قضایی ملل متمدن، بهره­مندی از قضات با تجربه و سایر شرایط در این محاکم، کاری بسیار دشوار است که البته تا انجام نگردد مشروعیت این دادگاه­ها زیر سؤال خواهد بود. در یک پرونده در دادگاه سوئد بحث مسئولیت کیفری یک فرد برای قتل چند نفر در سوریه با استناد به حکم صادره توسط چنین محاکمی مطرح شد و دادگاه مزبور مشروعیت حکم صادره توسط دادگاه تشکیل شده توسط گروه‌های مسلح غیردولتی را نپذیرفت. در این مقاله بدنبال آن هستیم که مشروعیت محاکم تشکیل شده توسط شورشیان و میزان اعتبار احکام آنها را بررسی نماییم.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Legality of Judicial Courts Convened by Non- State Armed Groups

نویسنده [English]

  • Seyed Hesamoddin Lesani

Assistant professor in Hazrate Masoumeh University

چکیده [English]

Establishing courts in territories under domination of non-state armed groups is one of the first actions of that groups for making order and law in that places to trial opposition soldiers, civilians and their own members. In this paper, it is tried to examine the legality of this kind of courts in International Humanitarian Law, International Human Rights Law and International Criminal Law. Some of the necessary requirements for legality of these courts are impartiality, independence, judicial guarantees of civilized nations, enjoyment of experienced judges, etc. In a Swedish court, the criminal responsibility of a person was raised for murdering several people in Syria on the basis of a verdict issued by courts held by non-state armed groups. The Swedish court, however, denied the legitimacy of the verdict issued by such courts.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • ـjudgments
  • courts
  • armed
  • groups
  • legality
الف- فارسی
-         کولب، رابرت و هاید، ریچارد، (1390)، درآمدی بر حقوق مخاصمات مسلحانه، ترجمه سید حسام الدین لسانی، تهران: انتشارات مجد.
-      هنکرتز، ژان ماری و دوسوالدبک، لوئیس، (1387)، حقوق بین‌المللی بشردوستانه عرفی، دفتر امور بین‌الملل قوه قضائیه جمهوری اسلامی ایران و کمیته بین‌المللی صلیب سرخ، تهران: انتشارات مجد.
 
ب- انگلیسی
Books
-          Clapham, Andrew, (2006), Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors, Oxford University Press.
 -          Cameron, Lindsay, (2016), Article 3: Conflicts not of an International Character”, in L. Cameron et al. (eds), Commentary on the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, of12 August1949, Cambridge University Press.
 -          Doswald-Beck, Louise, (2015), Judicial Guarantees under Common Article 3,in A. Clap ham, P. Gaeta and M. Sassoli, (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary ,Oxford University Press
 -          Fleck, Dieter, (2008) ,The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, Oxford University Press
 -          ICRC (1987), Commentary on the Additional Protocols, of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Editing by Yves Sandoz and Christophe Swinarski and Bruno Zimmermann, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Geneva.
 -          ICRC, (1958), Commentary of Forth Geneva Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 12 August 1949, published under the general editorship of Jean S. Pictet, Geneva.
 -          La Haye, Eva, (2001), Violations of Common Article 3, in R.L. Roy (ed.), The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Transnational Publishers.
 -          Moir, Lindsay, (2015), The Concept of Non-International Armed Conflict, in A. Clapham, P. Gaeta and M. Sasso' li (eds), The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press.
 -          Wahlberg, Jenny, (2017), The Legality of Courts Established by Non-state Actors in the Context of NIAC, Thesis in International Public Law, Stockholm, Autumn term 2017.
 
Articles
-          Bhuta, Nehal, (2016), “Fair Trial Guarantees in Armed Conflict”, EJIL: Talk! Blog of the European Journal of International Law, 11 October 2016, available online at https://www.ejiltalk.org/joint-serieson-international-law-and-armed-conflict-fair-trial-guarantees-in-armed-conflict/.
 -          Clapham, Andrew, (2017), ”Detention by Armed Groups under International Law”, 93 International Law Studies.
 -          Somer, Jonathan, (2007), ”Jungle Justice: Passing Sentence on the Equality of Belligerents in Non-International Armed Conflict”89 International Review of the Red Cross.
 -          Sivakumaran, Sandesh, (2009), “Courts Of Armed Opposition Groups: Fair Trials or Summary Justice?”, 7 Journal of International Criminal Justice (JICJ).
 
Ducuments
- ICRC, (2016), ‘Commentary of Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 12 August 1949’ at https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ Comment.xsp? action= openDocument&documentId=59F6CDFA490736C1C1257F7D004BA0EC(10 February 2019).
 - Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) (1993).
 - Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) (1994).
 - Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (2000).
 - Third Report of the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador, (1992) UN Doc. A/46/876-S/23580, 19 February1992.
 
Judgment
- Judgment, Sesay and others, (SCSL-04-15-T) (2009), Trial Chamber, 2 March 2009.
 - Prosecuter v. Omar Haisam Sakhanh, (2017), Stockholm District Court, B 3787-16, Judgement 16 February 2017.
 - Prosecutor v. Omar Haisam Sakhanh, (2017), Svea Court of Appeal, B 2259-17, Judgement 31 May 2017.