نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد گروه حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
دولت هایی که امنیت ملی آنها مورد تهدید واقع می شود، در مواقعی با توسل به حفظ امنیت ملی خود مقررات بینالمللی را نقض میکنند. بنابراین نظام معاهدات، امنیت ملی را مورد توجه قرار داد. با بررسی مقررات وارده در نظام معاهدات راجع به استناد به امنیت ملی، قاعده بودن توسل به امنیتملی استنتاج نشد ولی با تحلیل موارد استثنای امنیت ملی در نظام معاهدات، دو مفهوم امنیت ملی حمایتی و امنیت ملی دفاعی در توسل به امنیت ملی استنباط گردید. «استثنای امنیت ملی حمایتی» مجموع مقرراتی است که در حمایت از افراد در برابر خودمحوری های دولت‌ها در حوزه حقوق بشر شکل گرفته است و «استثنای امنیت ملی دفاعی» مجوزی است که حقوق بین الملل برای توسل به امنیت ملی از سوی کشورها برای دفاع از خود در برابر تهدیدهای حاد اعطا می‌کند. هدف این پژوهش پاسخ به این پرسش است که آیا کشورها می توانند با استناد به امنیت ملی خود، بصورت محدود و موقت حقوق بین الملل را نادیده انگارند؟ می توان تایید کرد که دولت ها به صورت کنترل شده می‌توانند حقوق بین الملل را بی آنکه پاسخگو باشند برای حفاظت از خود نقض نمایند و این نقض ممکن است در برابر هر موجودیت بین المللی انجام پذیرد. مجموع دو مکانیسم مذکور بیان کننده مفهوم نظام استثناگرائی امنیت ملی هستند. استثنائات ضمنی و صریح در خصوص توسلات دول به امنیت ملی (استثناگرائی) را میتوان ذیل رژیم حقوقی امنیت ملی چهره‌بندی کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Citing National Security Exceptions in the System of International Treaties
نویسندگان [English]
- Abbasali Kadkhodaei 1
- Seyed reza Jalili 2
1 Professor, Public Law Group, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 LLM, International Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
The states whose national security is threatened sometimes violate international law by seeking to maintain their national security. Thus, the treaty system took national security into account. Examining the provisions of the treaty system on the invocation of national security, the rule of recourse to national security was not inferred, but by analyzing the exceptions of national security in the treaty system, the two concepts of national security protection and national defense security were invoked. "Protective national security exception" is a set of rules that have been formulated to protect individuals against governments' self-centeredness in the field of human rights, and "national security defensive exception" is the authorization that international law allows countries to resort to national security. It gives self-defense against acute threats. The purpose of this research is to answer the question whether countries can ignore international law in a limited and temporary manner citing their national security. It can be confirmed that Governments can violate international law in a controlled manner without being held accountable for their self-preservation, and this violation may occur against any international entity. The sum of these two mechanisms expresses the concept of the exceptionalism system of national security. Implicit and explicit exceptions to states' recourse to national security (exceptionalism) can be summed up under the legal regime of national security.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- International Treaties
- Explicit Exceptions
- Implicit Exceptions
- Defensive National Security
- Protective National Security
الف- فارسی
کتاب‌ها
- ابراهیم، گل علیرضا، مسئولیت بینالمللی دولت، چاپ نهم (تهران: شهر دانش، 1396).
- بیگدلی محمدرضا، حقوق بینالملل عمومی، 57 (تهران: گنج دانش، 1396).
مقالات و سایر
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- رابرتس، آدام، «حقوق و توسل به زور علیه عراق»، ترجمه ستار احمدی و محسن شریفی، مجله سیاست خارجی، 3، (1382).
- احمدینژاد، مریم، «تحلیل حقوقی جنایت ناپدیدسازی اجباری اشخاص در حقوق بینالملل، بعنوان ناقض ماده 1 اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر»، مجله حقوقی بین المللی، شماره 57، (1396).
- پاک شیر، محمدعلی، «ارزیابی حکم قطعی دیوان بینالمللی در خصوص پرونده سکوهای نفتی ایران»، الهیات و حقوق، 13، (1383).
- شهبازی، آرامش، «اعتبار عهدنامه مودت (1955) و قابلیت استناد به آن در روابط ایران و ایالات متحده امریکا»، مجله حقوقی بینالمللی، سال 28، شماره 44، (1390).
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