نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد نجف‌آباد، نجف‌آباد، ایران

چکیده

بی­تردید قاعده آمره همواره بعنوان برترین قاعده در میان قواعد حقوق بین­الملل معرفی می­شود. با این ­حال تصمیمات دیوان بین­المللی دادگستری در شرایطی که مصونیت و مسئولیت ناشی از نقض قاعده آمره همزمان در قضیه­ای مطرح گردیده، موجب ایجاد شبهاتی درباره­ برتری مطلق قاعده آمره شده است. بطور خاص در دو رأی قرار بازداشت (کنگو علیه بلژیک 2002) و مصونیت­های صلاحیتی (آلمان علیه ایتالیا 2012) دیوان با ترسیم نوعی تفکیک بین قواعد شکلی و ماهوی اعلام می­کند با توجه به اختلاف ماهیتی قواعد مصونیت و قاعدۀ آمره، این قواعد تعارضی با هم نداشته و صرفاً مصونیت بعنوان قاعده شکلی مانع از ورود به ماهیت می­شود. در این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی – تحلیلی به بررسی مبانی تصمیم دیوان پرداخته می­شود تا مشخص گردد آیا به واقع از منظر حقوق بین­الملل قواعد مصونیت شکلی و قواعد آمره، ماهوی هستند و مناسبات میان این دو دسته از قواعد به چه صورت است. تحلیل موضوع به روشنی نشان می­دهد که راجع به نحوه تفکیک میان قواعد شکلی و ماهوی و مصادیق آنها هنوز قطعیتی در حقوق بین­الملل وجود نداشته و تصمیم دیوان در گزینش این رویکرد تا حدی باعث ایجاد تزلزل در جایگاه متعالی قاعده آمره شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Confrontation of Immunity and Responsibility Arising from Violation of Jus Cogens Norms in the ICJ Jurisprudence

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahshid Ajeli lahiji 1
  • S. Ali Hosseiniazad 1
  • Majid Zahmatkesh 2

1 Ph.D, International Law, Allameh Tabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran

2 Ph.D, International Law, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Undoubtedly, jus cogens or preemptory norm is always recognized as the highest source of international law. Nevertheless, the judicial review of International Court of Justice caused doubt in the absolute priority of jus cogens when violation of jus cogens and immunity are simultaneously argued in a case. Especially, in the cases concerning the Arrest Warrant (Congo v. Belgium 2002) and the Jurisdictional Immunities (Germany v. Italy 2012), ICJ tried to separate procedural and substantive norms and declared that the norms of immunity and jus cogens are different in nature, thus they couldn’t oppose each other but immunity as a procedural norm could prevent deciding about merits. In this article, by using descriptive – analytic method, the rationale behind the decision of ICJ is analyzed in order to know that if immunity is considered procedural and jus cogens is recognized as substantive norm in international law and how these norms interact. Evaluation of doctrine shows that there is no certainty about the quality of the separation of procedural and substantive norms and their proof in international law. Therefore, the court’s decision in choosing the approach could cause an insecurity in the peremptory place of jus cogens.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Jus Cogens
  • Immunity
  • International Court of Justice
  • Procedural Norms
  • Substantive Norms
  • کتاب

    • ابراهیم­گل، علیرضا، مسئولیت بین­المللی دولت؛ متن و شرح مواد کمیسیون حقوق بین­الملل، چاپ دوم (تهران: مؤسسه مطالعات و پژوهش­های حقوقی شهر دانش، 1389)

     

    مقاله‌ها

    • حبیبی مجنده، محمد، سید علی حسینی آزاد و الناز رحیم­خوئی، «نقد عملکرد ایالات متحده امریکا در نقض مصونیت دولت­ها در آیینه حقوق بین­الملل و رأی 2012 دیوان بین­المللی دادگستری»، مجلۀ حقوقی بین­المللی، (1393)، شماره 51.
    • ظاهری، علیرضا، «تحولات قاعده مصونیت دولت: تاثیر قانون صلاحیت دادگستری جمهوری اسلامی ایران و قانون مبارزه با تروریسم ایالات متحده آمریکا»، مجله حقوقی بین­المللی، (1383)، شماره 30.
    • کدخدایی، عباسعلی و علی داعی، «سلب مصونیت دولت ایران در محاکم امریکا»، مجلۀ حقوقی بین­المللی، (1389)، دوره 27، شماره 43.

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