نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشآموخته دکتری حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشآموخته دکتری حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد نجفآباد، نجفآباد، ایران
چکیده
بیتردید قاعده آمره همواره بعنوان برترین قاعده در میان قواعد حقوق بینالملل معرفی میشود. با این حال تصمیمات دیوان بینالمللی دادگستری در شرایطی که مصونیت و مسئولیت ناشی از نقض قاعده آمره همزمان در قضیهای مطرح گردیده، موجب ایجاد شبهاتی درباره برتری مطلق قاعده آمره شده است. بطور خاص در دو رأی قرار بازداشت (کنگو علیه بلژیک 2002) و مصونیتهای صلاحیتی (آلمان علیه ایتالیا 2012) دیوان با ترسیم نوعی تفکیک بین قواعد شکلی و ماهوی اعلام میکند با توجه به اختلاف ماهیتی قواعد مصونیت و قاعدۀ آمره، این قواعد تعارضی با هم نداشته و صرفاً مصونیت بعنوان قاعده شکلی مانع از ورود به ماهیت میشود. در این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی – تحلیلی به بررسی مبانی تصمیم دیوان پرداخته میشود تا مشخص گردد آیا به واقع از منظر حقوق بینالملل قواعد مصونیت شکلی و قواعد آمره، ماهوی هستند و مناسبات میان این دو دسته از قواعد به چه صورت است. تحلیل موضوع به روشنی نشان میدهد که راجع به نحوه تفکیک میان قواعد شکلی و ماهوی و مصادیق آنها هنوز قطعیتی در حقوق بینالملل وجود نداشته و تصمیم دیوان در گزینش این رویکرد تا حدی باعث ایجاد تزلزل در جایگاه متعالی قاعده آمره شده است.
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Confrontation of Immunity and Responsibility Arising from Violation of Jus Cogens Norms in the ICJ Jurisprudence
نویسندگان [English]
- Mahshid Ajeli lahiji 1
- S. Ali Hosseiniazad 1
- Majid Zahmatkesh 2
1 Ph.D, International Law, Allameh Tabataba’I University, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D, International Law, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran
چکیده [English]
Undoubtedly, jus cogens or preemptory norm is always recognized as the highest source of international law. Nevertheless, the judicial review of International Court of Justice caused doubt in the absolute priority of jus cogens when violation of jus cogens and immunity are simultaneously argued in a case. Especially, in the cases concerning the Arrest Warrant (Congo v. Belgium 2002) and the Jurisdictional Immunities (Germany v. Italy 2012), ICJ tried to separate procedural and substantive norms and declared that the norms of immunity and jus cogens are different in nature, thus they couldn’t oppose each other but immunity as a procedural norm could prevent deciding about merits. In this article, by using descriptive – analytic method, the rationale behind the decision of ICJ is analyzed in order to know that if immunity is considered procedural and jus cogens is recognized as substantive norm in international law and how these norms interact. Evaluation of doctrine shows that there is no certainty about the quality of the separation of procedural and substantive norms and their proof in international law. Therefore, the court’s decision in choosing the approach could cause an insecurity in the peremptory place of jus cogens.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Jus Cogens
- Immunity
- International Court of Justice
- Procedural Norms
- Substantive Norms
کتاب
- ابراهیمگل، علیرضا، مسئولیت بینالمللی دولت؛ متن و شرح مواد کمیسیون حقوق بینالملل، چاپ دوم (تهران: مؤسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهر دانش، 1389)
مقالهها
- حبیبی مجنده، محمد، سید علی حسینی آزاد و الناز رحیمخوئی، «نقد عملکرد ایالات متحده امریکا در نقض مصونیت دولتها در آیینه حقوق بینالملل و رأی 2012 دیوان بینالمللی دادگستری»، مجلۀ حقوقی بینالمللی، (1393)، شماره 51.
- ظاهری، علیرضا، «تحولات قاعده مصونیت دولت: تاثیر قانون صلاحیت دادگستری جمهوری اسلامی ایران و قانون مبارزه با تروریسم ایالات متحده آمریکا»، مجله حقوقی بینالمللی، (1383)، شماره 30.
- کدخدایی، عباسعلی و علی داعی، «سلب مصونیت دولت ایران در محاکم امریکا»، مجلۀ حقوقی بینالمللی، (1389)، دوره 27، شماره 43.
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