نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 استادیار حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
چکیده
تضمین اجرای حقوق بشر در دریا به اندازه خشکی دارای اهمیت می‌باشد. از آنجاییکه عدم رعایت حقوق بشر در دریا به ملموسی آنچه در خشکی اتفاق میافتد نیست لذا توجه چندانی را از جامعه بین‌المللی دریافت نمی‌کند. اما با توجه به اهمیت نقش کشتیرانی در تجارت بینالملل و به تبع نقش دریانوردان در این صنعت، باید این قشر مورد توجه بیشتری قرار گیرند. دریانوردان، هم بعنوان نوع بشر و هم بعنوان کارگر از حقوقی برخوردار هستند اما حقوق آنها از یک طرف توسط دولت صاحب پرچم نادیده انگاشته میشود و از طرف دیگر امکان نقض حقوقشان توسط دولت ساحلی نیز وجود دارد. بدیهی است اجرای حق به اندازه وضع حق دارای اهمیت است. دریانوردان چگونه باید اجرای حقوقشان را تضمین نمایند؟ یا در صورت نقض از چه طریقی امکان جبران خسارت وجود دارد؟ بنظر می‌رسد ایجاد محاکم دریایی صالح و امکان دسترسی به این محاکم میتواند رعایت حقوق دریانوردان را تضمین کند. تصویب لایحه ایجاد دادگاه دریایی در ایران نیز از جمله اقداماتی است که میتواند نقش راهبردی را برای تضمین رعایت حقوق دریانوردان داشته باشد. لذا در طی دو گفتار ابتدا حق دسترسی به دادگاه تبیین و سپس راه تضمین این حقوق در حقوق بینالملل و سپس در دولت جمهوری اسلامی ایران بررسی میشود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Ensuring Access to Courts for Seafarers: Examining Iran's Admiralty Court
نویسندگان [English]
- zahra sadat shareq 1
- Hossein Rezazadeh 2
1 Ph.D, International Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, International Law, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
چکیده [English]
Seafaring is one of the risky jobs that needs more support and attention from governments and the international community. Human rights apply at sea as they do on land. Since the abuse of human rights at sea is not as tangible as it is on land, it has not received much attention from the international community. However, due to the importance of the role of shipping in international trade and, consequently, the role of seafarers in this industry, this group should be given more attention. Accordingly, international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as ILO (International Labor Organization) pave the way for protecting seafarers' rights by developing international documents.
The most important international document by the ILO is the Maritime Labor Convention. The Maritime Labor Convention (2006) is often described as the "Seafarers' Labor Rights Charter". This convention places responsibility on the flag state and the port state as well as the labor supply state.
The unfavorable working conditions of seafarers, due to the temporary nature of their work and the lack of effective implementation of domestic and international laws by the flag state, put seafarers in a bad situation. Seafarers' rights depend on where the ship is registered. Examining the policies of the governments that grant convenience flags and paying attention to the cases in which even the seafarers’ basic rights are ignored, it is evident that joining international documents on behalf of these governments is a tool for them to present a positive image in the international community.
On one hand, lack of implementation of a monitoring mechanism on seafarers' rights and international agreements and documents leads to the violation of international obligations. On the other hand, the seizure of ships by the coastal states for various reasons and detention of the crews, in a country whose laws are not familiar, may further result in the violation of seafarers' rights. Whereas the expansion of the use of convenience flags places more prominence on the role of the coastal government to enforce the rights of seafarers.
The coastal government plays an important role in observing the rights of seafarers based on the Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Maritime Labor Convention, and the Tokyo and Paris Memorandum. In addition, for the effective implementation of seafarers' rights, there are international organizations such as FAO, IMO, and ILO that aid in this path, in addition to better and more cooperation with non-governmental organizations such as the "Human Rights at Sea".
Obviously, rights have a limited value if it is not implemented in practice. So how can seafarers guarantee the implementation of their rights? Or in case of violation, how is it possible to compensate? As said before, the rights of seafarers are described in international conventions and treaties, the ILO conventions allow seafarers to learn about their rights and encourage the government to implement laws and regulations to protect them, but the mentioned documents lack a guarantee to oblige governments to implement them and so, there is no monitoring and reporting mechanism for human rights violations at sea. The monitoring mechanism should be available for the crew to sue the violation of their human rights.
It seems that the establishment of competent maritime courts and the possibility of access to these courts can guarantee the observance of seafarers' rights. Although the establishment of competent courts is an important step in promoting respect for human rights, the establishment of competent courts will not be effective without experts who are familiar with the rules of international law and the law of the seas. There is hope that the establishment of the Maritime Court along with the approval of the "Commercial Shipping Law" will improve the respect and enforcement of seafarers' rights in Iran. It is better for the judges and experts of this specialized court to be familiar with the principles and rules of international law of the seas and other branches related to international law, including human rights. In other words, the establishment of courts with exclusive jurisdiction and the presence of judges and legal experts with sufficient knowledge in the field of international law of the seas and familiarity with the principles and rules of international law can have a significant impact on protecting the rights of seafarers. In this paper, we use the descriptive-analytical method and library resources as well as electronic resources such as books, articles, theses, and official conferences related to the subject (regional and international) in Persian and English languages.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Seafarers' Rights
- Human Rights
- Access to Court
- Admiralty Court
- Iran Admiralty Court
کتاب
- عباس توازنیزاده، حقوق کار دریانوردان و تکالیف دولت (تهران: انتشارات اسرار دانش، 1393).
پایان‌نامه
- فائزه زواره طباطبائی، «تسریع در آزادسازی کشتی و خدمه در کنوانسیون 1982 حقوق دریاها»، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، (1378).
References
Books
- Chen, Gang & Desai Shan, Labor Rights of Merchant Seafarers Held Hostage by Pirates, Current Issues in Maritime and Transport Law (Italy: Bonomo Editore, 2016).
- Moreby, D., The Human Element in Shipping (London: Seatrade Publications, 1975).
- Tavazonizadeh, Abbas, Seafarers Labour Law and the Duties of Governments (Tehran: Asrare Danesh, 2014). [In Persian]
Articles
- Gang Chen, & Desai Shanb, “Seafarers' Access to Jurisdictions Over Labor Matters”, Marin Policy, Volume. 77, (2017).
- Wheeler, E., “5 Basic Rights You Have under a Seafarer’s Employment Agreement”, Yachting, (2017), available at: http:// www. yachting-pages. com/ content/ crew- corner- rights- under-sea.htm.
- Bauer, P., “The Maritime Labor Convention: An Adequate Guarantee of Seafarer Right, or an Impediment to True Reforms?”, Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 8, No. 2, (2008).
- MacDonald, Rodge, “International Federation of Shipmasters’ Associations, Criminalisation in Shipping”, IFSM 34th Annual General Assembly, (2005).
- Stevenson, B., “Recruiting and Retaining Seafarers Security Restrictions, Criminal Prosecutions and Abandonment”, WMTC, (2009), available at: https:// imare. in/ media/ 30606/ paper- no2b-2-mrdbstevenson.pdf.
- Zhang Pengfei et al., “Navigating Seafarer’s Right to Life across the Shipping Industry”, Marine Policy, Vol. 99, No. 2, (2018).
Jurisprudence
- ECtHR, Garabayev v. Russia, App no 38411/02, (2007).
- ECtHR, Makaratzis v. Greece, App. 50385/99, 20, (2005).
- ECtHR, (2014), Paulet v. the United Kingdom, App.no 6219/08, (2014).
- ECtHR, McCann and others v. United Kingdom, (1995).
- IACHR, Case of the "Street Children" (Villagran-Morales et al.) v. Guate, (1999).
- ITLOS Report, Seychelles v. France The "Monte Confurco" Case , No. 6, (2002).
- ITLOS Reports, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v Guinea-Bissau, The ‘Juno Trader’ Case, no.13, (2004).
- ITLOS Reports, Japan v. Russian Federation, Tomimaru case, No.15, (2007).
- ITLOS Reports, Panama v. France, "Camouco" Case, No.5, (2000).
- US Supreme Court, Vitalii Pysarenko, v.carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise Lines, App. No. 14-1004, (2014).
- US Supreme Court, Atlantic Sounding co., Inc and weeks marine, inc., v. Edgar l. Townsend, App. No. 08-214, (2007).
- US Supreme Court, Reshma Harilal v. Carnival Corp., Appeal Number 08- 14524-HH, (2010).
- US Supreme Court, Harden v. Gordon, 480 No. 6047, 1823, (2020).
- United States District Court, Jerry Ramos Spiliada Maritime Corporation, M/V SPILIADA, (1990).
- US supreme court, Aguilar v. Standard Oil Co., App. 318 U.S. 724, (1943).
- US Supreme Court, Strathearn S.S. Co. v. Dillon, 252 U.S. 348, 354, (1920).
- US Supreme Court, Atlantic Sounding co., inc., et al. v. Townsend, Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh circuit, (2009).
Documents
- IMO, Fair Treatment of Seafarers in the Event of a Maritime Accident, (2006), LEG.3 (91), Annex 2.
- The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, (1966).
- IMO, Code of International Standards and Recommended Practices for a Safety Investigation into a Marine Casualty or Marine Incident (Casualty Investigation Code, (2008), MSC 84/3, ANNEX 4.
- Kahveci, E., (2007), Port Based Welfare Services for Seafarers, Summary Report, Seafarers International Research Centre, Cardiff University.
- ILO, Maritime Labor Convention, Standard a 4.4, Guideline B 4.4.6.2013.
- International Labor Conference Provisional Record 10, 94th Session, Geneva, (2006) (10/1).
- International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, (2004).
- ITF, (2006), Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Seafarers’ Fishers and Human Rights, London, UK; ITF
- Seafarers' Annual Leave with Pay Convention, 1976 (No. 146).
- The Maritime Labor Convention, (2006), Regulation 5.2, Port State Responsibility.
- UNGA/RES/924 (22 November 2001).
- ILO Press Release, (2021), UN task force should probe why governments failed to fulfill obligations to seafarers during pandemic, available at: https:// www. itfseafarers. org/ en/ news/ un-task-force-should-probe-why-governments-failed-fulfill-obligations-seafarers-during.
Thesis
- Abdulla, A, Flag, Coastal and Port State Jurisdiction over the Prevention of Vessel Source Pollution InInternational Law: Analysis of Implementation by the Maldives, University of Wollongog, Ph.d Thesis, (2011).
- Gorrie, Lydia, Universal Seafarers Rights, Master Thesis, Lund University, (2008).
- Santos, Lunecito, Law and Policy Perspectives of Seafarers' Claims, World Maritime University, (2008).
Website
- SS Norways, Norwegian Cruise Line, (2003), available at: https:// www. ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/MAB0703.pdf.
ITF, What to do if your wages have not been paid?, available at: https:// www.itfseafarers.org/wages-not-paid.cfm.
- Joint IMO/ILO Ad Hoc Working Group on the Fair Treatment of Seafarers in the Event of a Maritime Accident, 2005, available at: https://www.ilo.org/sector/activities/sectoralmeetings/WCMS_161477/lang--en/index.htm.
- ILO, Special Tripartite Committee, available at: https:// www. ilo. org/ global/ standards/ maritime- labour- convention/ special-tripartite- committee/lang--en/index.htm.
- Agreement on minimum wage for seafarers announced, available at: http:// www. itfglobal. org/ en/ news- events/ press-releases/ 2018/ november/ agreement-on-minimum-wage-for-seafarers-announced.
- Capbreton 1, (2004), available at: https:// www. ilo. org/ dyn/ seafarers/ seafarersbrowse. details? p_ lang =en &p_ abandonment _id= 18& p_ search_ id=190414163755.
- Tracing Vessel Ownership – the Erika Case, (2013), available at: https://officerofthewatch.com/2013/10/01/tracing-vessel-ownership-in-case-of-accidents-the-erika-case.
- Everything You Ever Wanted to know about ‘Shore Leave’,(2015), https://www.marineinsight.com/maritime-law/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-shore-leave.
- Zavareh Tabatabai, Faezeh, Accelerating the Liberation of Ships and Crews in the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, (M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tehran, Faculty of Law and Political Science, 1999). [In Persian].
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