نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی
چکیده
به‌موجب حقوق بشردوستانه استفاده از غیرنظامیان به‌عنوان سپر انسانی ممنوع است. در این مجموعه از مقررات اشاره‌ای به انواع سپر انسانی نشده اما در عمل ممکن است سپرهای انسانی با اجبار از سوی یک طرف مخاصمه یا با ارادة خود در برابر هدف نظامی قرار گیرند. ممنوعیت و نظام حقوقی حاکم بر حالت اول که از آن با عنوان سپر انسانی غیر داوطلبانه یاد می‌شود چندان چالش‌برانگیز نیست اما حالت دوم یا سپر انسانی داوطلبانه باعث بروز اختلاف نظرهای بسیاری در میان حقوقدانان شده، به‌طوری‌که عده‌ای از حقوقدانان سپر انسانی داوطلبانه را به معنای مشارکت مستقیم غیرنظامیان در مخاصمات دانسته و عده‌ای دیگر مخالف چنین تفسیری هستند. این مقاله با بررسی دیدگاه‌های مختلف پیرامون وضعیت حقوقی سپر انسانی داوطلبانه از این نظر پشتیبانی می‌کند که نمی‌توان سپر انسانی داوطلبانه را به معنای مشارکت مستقیم غیرنظامیان در مخاصمه قلمداد نمود، مگر اینکه شرایط تحقق مشارکت مستقیم فراهم شود؛ در آن صورت سپرهای داوطلب به دلیل مشارکت مستقیم در مخاصمه از حمایت‌های بشردوستانه از غیرنظامیان محروم می‌شوند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Legal Status of Voluntary Human Shield in International Humanitarian Law
نویسندگان [English]
- Homayon Habibi
- Salehe Ramezani
چکیده [English]
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as a series of rules which aims to protect civilians against the effects of hostilities has prohibited expressly the use of civilians as Human Shield. But voluntarism in human shield poses some question of law. In fact in some situations, civilians may put themselves in front of military objective by their will, which is a controversial issue. Some scholars consider the Voluntary Human Shield as taking direct participation in hostilities by civilians which deprives theme of the protections IHL grants to civilians. But the opponents view refuses this interpretation. This article rejects the idea of Voluntary Human Shield, as direct participant except in very specific situations where criteria of "direct participation" are met.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- International Humanitarian Law
- Human Shield
- Voluntary Human Shield
- Direct Participation in Hostilities
- Proportionality
- Precautio
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