نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

عضو هیأت علمی دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه مازندران

چکیده

انتقال میان­حوضه­ای آب آثار محیط زیستی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی منفی مانند تهدید منابع آبی کشور، بروز نابرابری در منافع و هزینه­ها، اجبار به جابجایی ساکنان پیرامون حوضه آبی و بروز هزینه­های ناخواسته در پی دارد که حل این مشکلات مستلزم تنظیم انتقال آب توسط قواعد حقوقی است تا بتوان با استفاده از سازوکارهای حقوقی انتقال پایدار و منصفانه آب را تضمین کرد. این سازکارها شامل حفظ یکپارچگی اکوسیستمی حوضه آبی، تضمین بهره‌برداری پایدار، مدیریت یکپارچه آب، الزام به ارزیابی آثار طرح­های انتقال آب و جبران خسارت­های ناشی از این انتقال می­شود. با آنکه در برخی نظام‌های حقوقی، مقرراتی برای تنظیم انتقال میان­حوضه­ای آب تصویب شده­ است اما نظام حقوقی ایران بطور سیستماتیک به این موضوع مهم نپرداخته و صرفا برخی قواعد پراکنده در این زمینه وجود دارد. هدف این مقاله بررسی مبانی و شناسایی چالش­های حقوقی موجود در انتقال میان­حوضه­ای آب است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal Dimensions of Inter-Basin Water Transfer

نویسنده [English]

  • Masoud Faryadi

Associate professor of the faculty of law & political sciences of University of Mazandaran

چکیده [English]

Inter-basin water transfer has been suggested as a short-time solution to the water scarcity problem. However, this solution makes some environmental, social and economic problems including but not limited to endangering water resources, unequal distribution of social and economic costs and benefits. Solving these problems involves regulating the transfer of water by appropriate legal provisions so that it can guarantee the reasonable, sustainable and equitable transfer of water through legal mechanisms. Inter-basin water transfer has been regulated in some legal systems through some mechanisms such as the implementation of environmental impact assessment of the inter-basin water transfer projects and water protection rules. Adapting a national strategy for integrated water management and public participation in water distribution has been offered to manage water transfer in a sustainable way. The legal system should assure that the inter-basin water transfer is the last resort and is exercised based on ex-ante and ex-post assessments. Inter-basin water transfer has not been regulated in the Iranian legal system in spite of the many water transfer projects and therefore there is an urgent need to its regulation by the appropriate legal rules.   

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Inter-basin water transfer"
  • "water law"
  • "integrated water management"
  • "environmental impact assessment"
  • "water regulation"
منابع
الف- فارسی
اسناد
-            قانون حفاظت و بهسازی محیط زیست (28/3/1353).
-            آیین‌نامه اجرائی قانون حفظ و تثبیت کناره و بستر رودخانه‌های مرزی (18/12/1363).
-            تصویبنامه هیأت وزیران در خصوص راهبردهای توسعه بلند مدت منابع آب کشور (27/7/1382).
-            قانون برنامه پنجم توسعه (15/10/1389).
-            آیین‌نامه ارزیابی اثرات زیست محیطی طرح­ها و پروژه‌های بزرگ تولیدی، خدماتی و عمرانی (29/8/1390) مصوب هیأت وزیران.
-         راهبردهای بلند مدت توسعه بخش آب از منظر آمایش سرزمین (17/7/1391) مصوب شورای آمایش سرزمین.
 
Books
-            Brancati, Dawn, (2009), Peace by Design: Managing Intrastate Conflict through Decentralization, USA: Oxford University Press.
 -            Cox, William E., (1999), “Determining When Inter-Basin Water Transfer is Justified: Criteria for Evaluation”, in Inter-Basin water transfer, Proceedings of the International Workshop, UNESCO, France, 25-27 April 1999.
 -            Dyson, Megan; et al., (2008), Flow – The Essentials of EnvironmentalFlows, 2nd ed, IUCN, Switzerland: IUCN.
 -            Ford-Martin, Paula Anne, (2003), “Water Diversion Projects”, in Environmental Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, Ed. by Marci Bortman et al., USA: Gale Publication.
 -            Ghassemi, Fereidoun & Ian White, (2007), Inter-Basin Water Transfer Case Studies from Australia, United States, Canada, China and India, USA: Cambridge University Press.
 -            Johnson, John W., (2009), United States Water Law: An Introduction, USA: CRC Press.
 -            Massarutto, Antonio (1999). “Comparing Water Pricing Policies in the EU: A Positive Analysis”, in Pricing Water: Economies, Environment and Society, 1999 Sintra Conference proceedings, European Commission Directorate General for the Environment, Belgium.
 -            Scudder, Thayer, (2005), The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs, UK: Earthscan.
 -            Smith, David; Jensen, Martin, (1999), “Aspects of Economic Theory Relating to the Water Pricing Debate”, in Pricing Water: Economies, Environment and Society, 1999 Sintra Conference Proceedings, European Commission Directorate-General for the Environment, Belgium.
 
Articles
-            Beattie, Bruce R. et al., (1971), “Economic Consequences of Interbasin Water Transfer”, Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin, 116, USA.
 -            Dalin, Carole et al., (2017), “Groundwater Depletion Embedded in International Food Trade”, Nature, 543.
 -            Davies, B. R., et al., (1992), “An Assessment of the Ecological Impacts of Inter-Basin Water Transfers, and Their Threats to River Basin Integrity and Conservation”, Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Vol. 2, No. 4.
 -            Escarttn, Carlos M. & Santafé, José Maria, (1999), “Application of the Cost Recovery Principle in Spain: Policies & Impacts”, in Pricing Water Economics, Environment and Society, 1999 Sintra Conference Proceedings, European Commission Directorate-General for the Environment, Belgium.
 -            Europe Aid, (2009), “Water Sector Development and Governance: Complementarities and Synergies between Sector-Wide Approach and Integrated Water Resource Management”, European Commission, Reference Document No/ 7, Belgium.
 -            Falkenmark, M. & J. Rockström, (2010), “Building Water Resilience in the Face of Global Change: From a Blue-Only to a Green-Blue Water Approach to Land-Water Management”, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, Vol.136, No. 6.
 -            Foley, Frank C, (1957), “Water and the Laws of Nature”, Kansas Law Review, No.5.
 -            GWP (Global Water Partnership), (2000). TEC Background Paper No. 4: “Integrated Water Resources Management”, Sweden: Global Water Partnership.
 -            GWP, (2004), “Catalyzing Change: A Handbook for Developing Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Efficiency Strategies”, Sweden: Global Water Partnership Technical Committee.
 -            Kale, Eshwer, (2011), “Social Exclusion in Watershed Development: Evidence from the Indo-German Watershed Development Project in Maharashtra”, Law, Environment and Development Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2.
 -            Karamouz, Mohammad; et al., (2010), “Interbasin Water Transfer: Economic Water Quality-Based Model”, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Vol. 136, No. 2.
 -            Khatami, S. & R. Berndtsson, (2013), “Urmia Lake Watershed Restoration in Iran: Short- and Long-Term Perspectives”, Environmental & Water Resources Institute (EWRI) / American Society of Civil Engineers.
 -            Le Moigne, Guy, (1994), “A Guide to the Formulation of Water Resources Strategy”, World Bank Technical Paper, No. 263.
 -            Lund, J. R, (1993), “Transaction Risk Versus Transaction Costs in Water Transfers”, Water Resources Research, September, Vol. 29, No. 9.
 -            Matthews, John H. et al., (2011), “Converging Currents in Climate-Relevant Conservation: Water, Infrastructure, and Institutions”, PLoS Biology, Vol. 9, No. 9.
 -            Mesgaran, Mohsen et al., (2016), “Evaluation of Land and Precipitation for Agriculture in Iran”, Stanford Iran 2040 Project, Working Paper 2, USA: Stanford University.
 -            Pittock, Jamie et al., (2009), “Interbasin Water Transfers and Water Scarcity in a Changing World- a Solution or a Pipedream?”, Germany: WWF discussion Paper.
 -            Poláková, Jana; et al., (2013), “Sustainable Management of Natural Resources with a Focus on Water and Agriculture”, Study - Annexes to the final Report, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Brussels, European Union.
 -            Smith, Hall Booth & Solver, P.C., (2011), “Interbasin Transfers of Water”, Proceedings of the 2011 Georgia Water Resources Conference, held April 11–13, 2011, University of Georgia.
 -            UNEP, (2010), “Africa Water Atlas”, Kenya: United Nations Environment Program, Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA).
 -            UNEP, (2012), “Measuring Water Use in a Green Economy”, A Report of the Working Group on Water Efficiency to the International Resource Panel.
 -            WCD (World Commission on Dams), (2000), “Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making”, UK: Earthscan Publications.
-            World Bank, (1991), “Environmental Assessment Sourcebook”, Volume I: Policies, Procedure, and Cross-Sectoral Issues”, Technical Paper, No. 139, USA.
 -            World Commission on Dams, (2000), “Dams and Development: A New Framework for Decision-Making”, UK: Earthscan Publications.
 -            World Water Vision, (2000), “A Water Secure World: Vision for Water, Life, and the Environment”, Commission Report, World Water Council, Egypt.
 -            WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme), (2012), “The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk”, Paris: UNESCO.
 
Cases
-            28 Florida Statutes, Section 373, (Water Resources), 2010.
 -            42 USC, Chapter 19B - Water Resources Planning, Sec. 1962, (1988).
 -            Australia Water Act, No. 137, 2007 as amended by Water Amendment Act, No. 139, 2008.
 -            Code général de la propriété des personnes publiques de la France, 2006.
 -            Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992.
 -            Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, International Conference on Water and Environment, Dublin, 1992.
 -            EC Directive 2000/60/EC of 23 October 2000 Establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy.
 -            Egypt National Water Resources Plan for 2017, Ministry for Water Resources and Irrigation, 2005.
-            EPA, The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, 40 CFR Part 122, [EPA–HQ–OW–2006–0141; FRL–8579–3].
 -            European Commission (2009) “Complementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), Technical Report - 2009 – 040”, Guidance document No. 24, Belgium.
 -            European Commission Communication, (2000) “Pricing Policies for Enhancing the Sustainability of Water Resources”, COM (2000) 477.
-            European Commission Communication, (2012) “A Blueprint to Safeguard Europe's Water Resources”, COM (2012) 673 final.
 -            Georgia Comprehensive State-wide Water Management Plan, O.C.G.A. §§ 12-5-520 to 525, 2008, 2010.
 -            Great Lakes St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact, October 3, 2008, U.S. Public Law 110-342, 122 Stat.
 -            Interim Guidelines for Implementation of the Water Transfer Provisions of the Central Valley Project Improvement Act, United States Bureau of Reclamation, 1993.
 -            Ley 52/1980, de 16 de octubre, de regulación del Régimen Económico de la Explotación del Acueducto Tajo-Segura de España.
 -            Massachusetts Interbasin Transfer Act, (MIBTA), (M.G.L. Ch. 21 §§8B-8D) March 8, 1984.
 -            North Carolina General Statutes, Chapter 143, G.S. § 143-215.22L. Regulation of Surface Water Transfers, 2007.
 -            O.C.G.A. Georgia Code Title 12 - Conservation and Natural Resources, Chapter 5 - Water Resources, E- 10., 12-5-584, (2010).
 -            RPAAA, (USA Reclamation Projects Authorization and Adjustment Act), Public Law 102-575, sec. 3405, (1992).
 -            South African National Water Act, No. 36, 1998.
 -            South Australian Water Resources Act.
 -            South Carolina Code, Title 49, Chapter 21, 2010.
 -            Swiss Water Protection Act24 January 1991. RO 1992 1860.
 -            Tennessee Interbasin Water Transfer Act (TIBWTA), Chapter 0400-40-13, 2013.
 -            Texas Water Code, Title 2, Chapter 11, 1977 as amended 2005.
 -            UN Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 21 May 1997.
 -            UN Resolution 68/118 on the law of transboundary aquifers, General Assembly,16 December 2013.
 -            USA Clean Water Act, section 101(a), 33 U.S.C. 1972.
 -            Water Manifesto, Committee for the World Water Contract, 1998.
 -            Водный кодекс Российской Федерации от 3 июня 2006 г. N 74-ФЗ.