نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بینالملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران
2 دانشیار دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، تهران، ایران
چکیده
اقداماتی که دولتها در زمان مخاصمات مسلحانه در جهت حفظ منافع اساسی خود انجام میدهند گاه موجب ورود خسارت به سرمایهگذاران خارجی میگردد. سرمایهگذاران آسیبدیده در محاکم داوری با استناد به نقض تعهدات حمایتی توسط دولت میزبان، خسارات وارده به خود را طلب مینمایند. دولت میزبان نیز معمولاً برای اثبات عدم مسئولیت خود به شرط اقدامات منع نشده مندرج در معاهده سرمایهگذاری استناد میکند و یا در صورت اثبات مسئولیت، به منظور توجیه آن به معاذیر رافع وصف متخلفانه در حقوق بینالملل عرفی متوسل میشود. اما از آنجا که محاکم مختلف، شرایط یکسانی را جهت استناد کشور میزبان به شرط اقدامات منع نشده و معاذیر رافع وصف متخلفانه در نظر نمیگیرند، قطعیتی در امکان استناد به آنها وجود ندارد. در نتیجه، قلمرو تعهد دولت به حمایت از سرمایهگذار خارجی در زمان مخاصمات مسلحانه در هالهای از ابهام فرو رفته است. این مقاله با هدف روشن ساختن قلمرو تعهد دولت میزبان به حفاظت از سرمایهگذار خارجی در هنگام مخاصمات مسلحانه و به منظور توازن منافع سرمایهگذار و دولت میزبان در دعاوی سرمایهگذاری ناشی از مخاصمات مسلحانه، امکان و الزامات استناد کشور میزبان به معاذیر عرفی رافع وصف متخلفانه و شرط اقدامات منع نشده و ارتباط میان آنها را مشخص مینماید.
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Scope of Obligation of the Host State for Protection of Foreign Investor in Armed Conflicts
نویسندگان [English]
- Abolghasem Shahbazian 1
- Sadegh Salimi 2
1 Ph.D. Student, International Law, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of International Law, Central Tehran Branch Faculty of Law, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
Measures taken by governments during armed conflict to safeguard their essential interests sometimes cause damages to foreign investors. The investors thus affected seek remedies in the arbitration tribunals invoking breach of host government obligations to protect investments. The host government also usually attempts to assert as defense non-precluded measures to prove its irresponsibility, or if it proves responsible, justify it by resorting to circumstances precluding wrongfulness in the customary international law. But since different courts do not consider the same requirements to invoke these rules, there is no certainty that the parties to the lawsuit will be able to invoke them and, as a result, the scope of government's obligations to protect the foreign investor during the armed conflict is obscure. To clarify the scope of the host government's obligations to protect the foreign investor during armed conflicts and balance the interests of the investor and the host government during the investment disputes arising from the armed conflict, this article explores the possibility and requirements of invoking circumstances precluding wrongfulness and non-precluded measures and the relationship between them.
کلیدواژهها [English]
- Non-Precluded Measures
- Customary International Law
- Foreign Investment
- Armed Conflicts
- Interests of the Host State
- دالزر، رودلف و شروئر، کریستف، اصول حقوق بینالملل و سرمایهگذاری، ترجمۀ سید قاسم زمانی و بهآذین حسیبی (تهران: موسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهر دانش، 1395).
- عسکری، پوریا، حقوق سرمایهگذاری خارجی در رویه داوری بینالمللی (تهران: موسسه مطالعات و پژوهشهای حقوقی شهر دانش، 1394).
مقالهها
- رئیسی، لیلا و همکاران، «معاذیر رافع وصف متخلفانه اعمال متخلفانه سازمانهای بینالمللی در پرتو طرح کمیسیون حقوق بینالملل»، فصلنامه تحقیقات حقوقی بینالمللی، دوره 8، شماره 30، (1395).
- زمانی، سید قاسم و همکاران، «ضرورت نظامی بعنوان یک استثنا در حقوق درگیریهای مسلحانه»، فصلنامۀ مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دورۀ 49، شمارۀ 3، (1398).
- شیروی، عبدالحسین و پوراسماعیلی، علیرضا، «امنیت ملی در حقوق سرمایهگذاری»، فصلنامه حقوق، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دوره 43، شماره 3، (1392).
- مؤمنیراد، احمد و قاسمزاده، مجید، «بحران اقتصادی جهانی، اقدامات اضطراری دولتها در مواجهه با بحران و راهکارهای حلوفصل اختلافات بینالمللی سرمایهگذاری ناشی از آن»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 45، شماره 1، (1394).
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